Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, leading to persistent hyperglycemia. Conventional treatments, including lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy, often fail to achieve optimal glycemic control and prevent complications. Recent advances in stem cell therapy offer promising avenues for T2DM management. This review discusses the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in reducing blood glucose levels, improving Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), and mitigating microvascular and macrovascular complications. Furthermore, we highlight recent innovations in 3D bioprinting and gene therapy that enhance stem cell applications in T2DM.