Abstract
Anemia is the most prevalent hematologic disorder worldwide, affecting over one billion individuals. It is characterized by a reduction in hemoglobin levels, leading to tissue hypoxia and systemic complications. The condition is classified based on onset, pathophysiology, and mean corpuscular volume, with the latter being the most widely used parameter in clinical practice.
Iron deficiency remains the primary cause of anemia, followed by anemia of inflammation, particularly in high-risk populations such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly. In children, iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent and has been linked to neurocognitive developmental delays. Among women, menstrual blood loss and pregnancy significantly contribute to iron depletion, affecting overall health and maternal-fetal outcomes. In the elderly, anemia often results from multifactorial causes, including chronic inflammation, nutritional deficiencies, and underlying diseases, leading to impaired cognitive and physical function.
Recent advances in anemia research have highlighted the role of inflammatory pathways, hepcidin regulation, and novel therapeutic strategies, such as targeted iron supplementation and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Addressing anemia requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating early diagnosis, nutritional interventions, and individualized treatment strategies to mitigate complications and improve patients’ quality of life.