Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the joints, but its systemic manifestations extend to electrolyte imbalances and renal dysfunction. This review explores the complex interplay between RA, electrolyte disturbances (particularly involving sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium), and renal complications. Electrolyte imbalances can exacerbate inflammation and immune dysregulation in RA, either directly or indirectly through renal impairment or pharmacological interventions. Chronic inflammation, hypovolemia, and nephrotoxic effects of medications such as NSAIDs and glucocorticoids contribute to renal dysfunction, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and, in severe cases, end-stage renal disease (ESRD). While DMARDs and biologics offer therapeutic benefits, they also pose potential risks for renal health. Understanding these interactions is essential for optimizing RA management and minimizing systemic complications.