Role of Biomarkers in Germ Cell Tumors: Focus on microRNA371a-3p

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are classified into seminomatous and non-seminomatous subtypes and are associated with distinct biomarkers that aid in diagnosis, risk stratification, and monitoring. While traditional serum markers such as AFP, HCG, and LDH have been mainstays in clinical practice, their limitations in sensitivity, especially in small-volume disease, have led to exploration of novel diagnostic tools. Immunohistochemical and molecular markers, including PLAP, OCT3/4, SOX17, SOX2, CD30, GPC3, SALL4, KIT mutations, and I 12p, support histological classification and prognosis. Among emerging biomarkers, microRNA-371a-3p stands out for its superior sensitivity and specificity, rapid serum clearance, and potential to detect minimal residual disease. Although it lacks utility in identifying teratomas, miR371a-3p shows promise in surveillance and early relapse detection, potentially reducing reliance on imaging. Ongoing trials are evaluating its clinical applicability. This review synthesizes current data on established and emerging biomarkers in GCTs, emphasizing the transformative potential of miR-371a-3p in disease management.