Examining the use of Akkermansia muciniphila as a promising mitigation for metabolic disorders
Main Article Content
Abstract
Research on the role of gut microbiota in metabolism has grown significantly over decades, with certain strains producing a huge scope of potential beneficial effects. This paper aims to determine the potential applications for Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in humans as a treatment for metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, prediabetes, excess cholesterol, or high body fat to lean mass ratios. To understand the full effects and mechanisms of A. muciniphila supplementation, this review examined 43 reports from various databases on the topic of A. muciniphila supplementation using PRISMA guidelines before December 1, 2025, excluding irrelevant or external sources of Akkermansia. The narrative synthesis demonstrates substantial evidence for the improvement of insulin resistance, decrease in overall weight, fat mass, and cholesterol levels in the body as a result of supplementation. Akkermansia may also have effects in managing prediabetes, improving lipid profiles, regulating liver enzyme activity, diversifying gut microbiomes, and stimulating GLP-1 production. Although both live and pasteurized Akkermansia have been proven to be well tolerated in humans, pasteurized Akkermansia is able to increase beneficial effects. However, there are still many unanswered questions given the limited scope, inconsistencies across research, risk of bias, and varied certainty of results.
Keywords:
Akkermansia muciniphila, gut microbiome, metabolic disorders, insulin resistance, body composition, supplementation
Article Details
How to Cite
JOSHI, Aava; LI, Dan.
Examining the use of Akkermansia muciniphila as a promising mitigation for metabolic disorders.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 4, apr. 2026.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7234>. Date accessed: 01 may 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v14i4.7234.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Dao MC, Everard A, Aron-Wisnewsky J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut. 2016;65(3):426-436. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778
2. Wang Y, He J, Chen S, et al. Bibliometric analysis of research trends and prospective directions of Akkermansia muciniphila from 2010 to 2024. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1569241. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1569241
3. Yan S, Chen L, Li N, et al. Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila on pancreatic islet β-cell function in rats with prediabetes mellitus induced by a high-fat diet. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2024;11(1):51. doi:10.1186/s40643-024-00766-4
4. Salles BIM, Cioffi D, Ferreira SRG. Probiotics supplementation and insulin resistance: a systematic review. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12(1):98. doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00603-6
5. Depommier C, Everard A, Druart C, et al. Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study. Nat Med. 2019;25(7):1096-1103. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2
6. Jian H, Liu Y, Wang X, Dong X, Zou X. Akkermansia muciniphila as a Next-Generation Probiotic in Modulating Human Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease Progression: A Role Mediated by Gut-Liver-Brain Axes? Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3900. doi:10.3390/ijms24043900
7. Chang CJ, Lin TL, Tsai YL, et al. Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration. J Food Drug Anal. 2019;27(3):615-622. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.011
8. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(22):9066-9071. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219451110
9. He K, An F, Zhang H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: A Potential Target for the Prevention of Diabetes. Foods Basel Switz. 2024;14(1):23. doi:10.3390/foods14010023
10. Zhao Y, Yang H, Wu P, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders. Virulence. 2024;15(1):2375555. doi:10.1080/21505594.2024.2375555
11. Zhou Q, Pang G, Zhang Z, et al. Association Between Gut Akkermansia and Metabolic Syndrome is Dose-Dependent and Affected by Microbial Interactions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2021;14:2177-2188. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S311388
12. Wang Z, Cui S, Zhang T, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation improves glucose tolerance in intestinal Ffar4 knockout mice during the daily light to dark transition. mSystems. 2023;8(5):e0057323. doi:10.1128/msystems.00573-23
13. Plovier H, Everard A, Druart C, et al. A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nat Med. 2017;23(1):107-113. doi:10.1038/nm.4236
14. Nian F, Wu L, Xia Q, Tian P, Ding C, Lu X. Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium bifidum Prevent NAFLD by Regulating FXR Expression and Gut Microbiota. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2023;11(4):763-776. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2022.00415
15. Zhao S, Liu W, Wang J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila improves metabolic profiles by reducing inflammation in chow diet-fed mice. J Mol Endocrinol. 2017;58(1):1-14. doi:10.1530/JME-16-0054
16. Dao MC, Belda E, Prifti E, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila abundance is lower in severe obesity, but its increased level after bariatric surgery is not associated with metabolic health improvement. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019;317(3):E446-E459. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00140.2019
17. Yang M, Bose S, Lim S, et al. Beneficial Effects of Newly Isolated Akkermansia muciniphila Strains from the Human Gut on Obesity and Metabolic Dysregulation. Microorganisms. 2020;8(9):1413. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8091413
18. Ashrafian F, Behrouzi A, Shahriary A, et al. Comparative study of effect of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles on toll-like receptors and tight junction. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2019;12(2):163-168.
19. A-Mansia Biotech S.A. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Effects of Next Generation Beneficial Microbes, Akkermansia Muciniphila (AMF-01), on Long-Term Improvements in Insulin Resistance in Otherwise Healthy Hyperglycaemic Adults. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05114018
20. Cani PD. Evaluation of the Effects Associated With the Administration of Akkermansia Muciniphila on Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome Related to Obesity. clinicaltrials.gov; 2019. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02637115
21. Chen Y. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effects of Akkermansia Muciniphila and Berberine on Prediabetes Among Obese Subjects. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05720299
22. Maastricht University Medical Center. Effect of Pasteurized Akkermansia Muciniphilia on Maintenance of Body Weight After a Low Calorie Diet. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05417360
23. National Taiwan University Hospital. Development of Microbial Therapeutics for Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: From Mechanistic Investigations to Clinical Trials . clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06873165
24. Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd. Effect of Akkermansia Muciniphila Akk11 on Weight Loss in Obese Patients: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06780007
25. Weiqing W. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Akkermansia Muciniphila WST01 Strain in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04797442
26. van der Ark KCH, Aalvink S, Suarez-Diez M, Schaap PJ, de Vos WM, Belzer C. Model-driven design of a minimal medium for Akkermansia muciniphila confirms mucus adaptation. Microb Biotechnol. 2018;11(3): 476-485. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13033
27. Lin H, Shao X, Gu H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating PPARα-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):86. doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00712-y
28. Yoon HS, Cho CH, Yun MS, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(5):563-573. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5
29. Zhang Y, Liu R, Chen Y, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in patients with overweight/obese type 2 diabetes: Efficacy depends on its baseline levels in the gut. Cell Metab. 2025;37(3):592-605.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.12.010
30. Corb Aron RA, Abid A, Vesa CM, et al. Recognizing the Benefits of Pre-/Probiotics in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Considering the Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila as a Key Gut Bacterium. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3):618. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030618
31. Kobyliak N, Falalyeyeva T, Kyriachenko Y, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel powerful bacterial player in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Minerva Endocrinol. 2022;47(2):242-252. doi:10.23736/S2724-6507.22.03752-6
32. Abuqwider JN, Mauriello G, Altamimi M. Akkermansia muciniphila, a New Generation of Beneficial Microbiota in Modulating Obesity: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms. 2021;9(5):1098. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9051098
33. ChiCTR2400090949. A Study on the Effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila in Improving Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Cochrane Library. Published online May 31, 2018. doi:10.1002/central/CN-02782407
34. Zeng Z, Chen M, Liu Y, et al. Role of Akkermansia muciniphila in insulin resistance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;40(1):19-32. doi:10.1111/jgh.16747
35. Sanjiwani MID, Aryadi IPH, Semadi IMS. Review of Literature on Akkermansia muciniphila and its Possible Role in the Etiopathogenesis and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2022;37(1):69-74. doi:10.15605/jafes.037.01.13
36. Yuan L, Li Y, Chen M, et al. Therapeutic applications of gut microbes in cardiometabolic diseases: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;108(1):156. doi:10.1007/s00253-024-13007-7
37. VERONICA O. Efficacy Evaluation of Inulin Supplementation on Metabolic Control and Akkermansia Muciniphila Levels in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05795972
38. Bednarska NG, Håberg AK. Understanding Patterns of the Gut Microbiome May Contribute to the Early Detection and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms. 2025;13(1): 134. doi:10.3390/microorganisms13010134
39. Xu Y, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Zhang C, Feng Y. Function of Akkermansia muciniphila in Obesity: Interactions With Lipid Metabolism, Immune Response and Gut Systems. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:219. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00219
40. Shaheen N, Khursheed W, Gurung B, Wang S. Akkermansia muciniphila: A key player in gut microbiota-based disease modulation. Microbiol Res. 2025;301:128317. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2025.128317
41. Si J, Kang H, You HJ, Ko G. Revisiting the role of Akkermansia muciniphila as a therapeutic bacterium. Gut Microbes. 2022;14(1):2078619. doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2078619
42. Evaluation the Effect of AKK Formula on Intestinal Microbiota Regulation and Body Composition. ctv.veeva.com. January 30, 2024. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://ctv.veeva.com/study/evaluation-the-effect-of-akk-formula-on-intestinal-microbiota-regulation-and-body-composition
43. Niu H, Zhou M, Zogona D, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: a potential candidate for ameliorating metabolic diseases. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1370658. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370658
44. Ur Rehman M, Saeed H, Omer O, Tashfeen S. Gut Microbiota-Directed Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Complication Risk. Cureus. 2025;17(10):e95045. doi:10.7759/cureus.95045
2. Wang Y, He J, Chen S, et al. Bibliometric analysis of research trends and prospective directions of Akkermansia muciniphila from 2010 to 2024. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1569241. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1569241
3. Yan S, Chen L, Li N, et al. Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila on pancreatic islet β-cell function in rats with prediabetes mellitus induced by a high-fat diet. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2024;11(1):51. doi:10.1186/s40643-024-00766-4
4. Salles BIM, Cioffi D, Ferreira SRG. Probiotics supplementation and insulin resistance: a systematic review. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12(1):98. doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00603-6
5. Depommier C, Everard A, Druart C, et al. Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study. Nat Med. 2019;25(7):1096-1103. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2
6. Jian H, Liu Y, Wang X, Dong X, Zou X. Akkermansia muciniphila as a Next-Generation Probiotic in Modulating Human Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease Progression: A Role Mediated by Gut-Liver-Brain Axes? Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3900. doi:10.3390/ijms24043900
7. Chang CJ, Lin TL, Tsai YL, et al. Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration. J Food Drug Anal. 2019;27(3):615-622. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.011
8. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(22):9066-9071. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219451110
9. He K, An F, Zhang H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: A Potential Target for the Prevention of Diabetes. Foods Basel Switz. 2024;14(1):23. doi:10.3390/foods14010023
10. Zhao Y, Yang H, Wu P, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders. Virulence. 2024;15(1):2375555. doi:10.1080/21505594.2024.2375555
11. Zhou Q, Pang G, Zhang Z, et al. Association Between Gut Akkermansia and Metabolic Syndrome is Dose-Dependent and Affected by Microbial Interactions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2021;14:2177-2188. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S311388
12. Wang Z, Cui S, Zhang T, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation improves glucose tolerance in intestinal Ffar4 knockout mice during the daily light to dark transition. mSystems. 2023;8(5):e0057323. doi:10.1128/msystems.00573-23
13. Plovier H, Everard A, Druart C, et al. A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nat Med. 2017;23(1):107-113. doi:10.1038/nm.4236
14. Nian F, Wu L, Xia Q, Tian P, Ding C, Lu X. Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium bifidum Prevent NAFLD by Regulating FXR Expression and Gut Microbiota. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2023;11(4):763-776. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2022.00415
15. Zhao S, Liu W, Wang J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila improves metabolic profiles by reducing inflammation in chow diet-fed mice. J Mol Endocrinol. 2017;58(1):1-14. doi:10.1530/JME-16-0054
16. Dao MC, Belda E, Prifti E, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila abundance is lower in severe obesity, but its increased level after bariatric surgery is not associated with metabolic health improvement. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019;317(3):E446-E459. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00140.2019
17. Yang M, Bose S, Lim S, et al. Beneficial Effects of Newly Isolated Akkermansia muciniphila Strains from the Human Gut on Obesity and Metabolic Dysregulation. Microorganisms. 2020;8(9):1413. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8091413
18. Ashrafian F, Behrouzi A, Shahriary A, et al. Comparative study of effect of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles on toll-like receptors and tight junction. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2019;12(2):163-168.
19. A-Mansia Biotech S.A. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Effects of Next Generation Beneficial Microbes, Akkermansia Muciniphila (AMF-01), on Long-Term Improvements in Insulin Resistance in Otherwise Healthy Hyperglycaemic Adults. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05114018
20. Cani PD. Evaluation of the Effects Associated With the Administration of Akkermansia Muciniphila on Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome Related to Obesity. clinicaltrials.gov; 2019. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02637115
21. Chen Y. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effects of Akkermansia Muciniphila and Berberine on Prediabetes Among Obese Subjects. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05720299
22. Maastricht University Medical Center. Effect of Pasteurized Akkermansia Muciniphilia on Maintenance of Body Weight After a Low Calorie Diet. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05417360
23. National Taiwan University Hospital. Development of Microbial Therapeutics for Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: From Mechanistic Investigations to Clinical Trials . clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06873165
24. Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd. Effect of Akkermansia Muciniphila Akk11 on Weight Loss in Obese Patients: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. clinicaltrials.gov; 2025. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06780007
25. Weiqing W. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Akkermansia Muciniphila WST01 Strain in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04797442
26. van der Ark KCH, Aalvink S, Suarez-Diez M, Schaap PJ, de Vos WM, Belzer C. Model-driven design of a minimal medium for Akkermansia muciniphila confirms mucus adaptation. Microb Biotechnol. 2018;11(3): 476-485. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13033
27. Lin H, Shao X, Gu H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating PPARα-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):86. doi:10.1038/s41522-025-00712-y
28. Yoon HS, Cho CH, Yun MS, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease in mice. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(5):563-573. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5
29. Zhang Y, Liu R, Chen Y, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in patients with overweight/obese type 2 diabetes: Efficacy depends on its baseline levels in the gut. Cell Metab. 2025;37(3):592-605.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.12.010
30. Corb Aron RA, Abid A, Vesa CM, et al. Recognizing the Benefits of Pre-/Probiotics in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Considering the Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila as a Key Gut Bacterium. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3):618. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030618
31. Kobyliak N, Falalyeyeva T, Kyriachenko Y, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel powerful bacterial player in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Minerva Endocrinol. 2022;47(2):242-252. doi:10.23736/S2724-6507.22.03752-6
32. Abuqwider JN, Mauriello G, Altamimi M. Akkermansia muciniphila, a New Generation of Beneficial Microbiota in Modulating Obesity: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms. 2021;9(5):1098. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9051098
33. ChiCTR2400090949. A Study on the Effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila in Improving Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | Cochrane Library. Published online May 31, 2018. doi:10.1002/central/CN-02782407
34. Zeng Z, Chen M, Liu Y, et al. Role of Akkermansia muciniphila in insulin resistance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;40(1):19-32. doi:10.1111/jgh.16747
35. Sanjiwani MID, Aryadi IPH, Semadi IMS. Review of Literature on Akkermansia muciniphila and its Possible Role in the Etiopathogenesis and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2022;37(1):69-74. doi:10.15605/jafes.037.01.13
36. Yuan L, Li Y, Chen M, et al. Therapeutic applications of gut microbes in cardiometabolic diseases: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;108(1):156. doi:10.1007/s00253-024-13007-7
37. VERONICA O. Efficacy Evaluation of Inulin Supplementation on Metabolic Control and Akkermansia Muciniphila Levels in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05795972
38. Bednarska NG, Håberg AK. Understanding Patterns of the Gut Microbiome May Contribute to the Early Detection and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms. 2025;13(1): 134. doi:10.3390/microorganisms13010134
39. Xu Y, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Zhang C, Feng Y. Function of Akkermansia muciniphila in Obesity: Interactions With Lipid Metabolism, Immune Response and Gut Systems. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:219. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00219
40. Shaheen N, Khursheed W, Gurung B, Wang S. Akkermansia muciniphila: A key player in gut microbiota-based disease modulation. Microbiol Res. 2025;301:128317. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2025.128317
41. Si J, Kang H, You HJ, Ko G. Revisiting the role of Akkermansia muciniphila as a therapeutic bacterium. Gut Microbes. 2022;14(1):2078619. doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2078619
42. Evaluation the Effect of AKK Formula on Intestinal Microbiota Regulation and Body Composition. ctv.veeva.com. January 30, 2024. Accessed December 7, 2025. https://ctv.veeva.com/study/evaluation-the-effect-of-akk-formula-on-intestinal-microbiota-regulation-and-body-composition
43. Niu H, Zhou M, Zogona D, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: a potential candidate for ameliorating metabolic diseases. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1370658. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370658
44. Ur Rehman M, Saeed H, Omer O, Tashfeen S. Gut Microbiota-Directed Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Complication Risk. Cureus. 2025;17(10):e95045. doi:10.7759/cureus.95045