Abstract
There are a wide variety of traumatogenic experiences in the world including armed conflict, civil disorder, terrorism and criminal violence; natural disasters such as wildfires, earthquakes, hurricanes and floods; and interpersonal trauma from human trafficking, domestic violence and child abuse. Mental Health practitioners may see individuals with one profound trauma, with multiple traumas, or with trauma that has been repetitive and inescapable. Research has illustrated that the symptoms from various traumas are remarkably similar and are encoded in both the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The effects of trauma often endure long after the traumatic events, with the potential to change brain functions and even DNA. Specific treatments have evolved for the treatment of the effects of trauma.