Tularemia – A Review with Concern for Bioterrorism
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Abstract
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REGA, Paul; GUINNESS, Michael; MCMAHON, Chistopher.
Tularemia – A Review with Concern for Bioterrorism.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 8, aug. 2017.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1389>. Date accessed: 16 dec. 2024.
Keywords
medical, medicine,research,pharmacology
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Adalja A. A., Toner E., Inglesby T.V. Clinical Management of Potential Bioterrorism-Related Conditions (2015). N Engl J Med, 372 (10), 954-962.
2. Altizer, S, Ostfeld, R.S., Johnson, P.T.J., et al. Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: From Evidence to a Predictive Framework. Science 02 Aug 2013: 514-519.
3. Aquino, L. L., & Wu, J. J. (2011). Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 65(6), 1213 e1211-1213 e1215. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.040
4. Avery, F. W., & Barnett, T. B. (1967). Pulmonary tularemia. A report of five cases and consideration of pathogenesis and terminology. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 95(4), 584-591.
5. Bork, C. E. and Rega, P. P. (2012), An Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge of Botulism. Public Health Nurs., 29: 168–174. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00988.x
6. Bush, L.M., Abrams, B.H., Beall, A., Johnson, C.C. Index Case of Fatal Inhalational Anthrax Due to Bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1607-1610; November 29, 2001. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012948
7. Center for Biosecurity of UPMC. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) (2011). Updated 10/13/2011. www.upmc-biosecurity.org.
8. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. (2010). Tularemia: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis, from http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/tularemia/biofacts/tularemiafactsheet.html
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1997. MMWR; Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 46(54), ii-vii, 3-87.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Tularemia--United States, 1990-2000. MMWR; Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51(9), 181-184.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, January 11, 2011). Tularemia, from http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tularemia, from http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Tularemia, Signs and Symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/index.html
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Tularemia Transmission. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tularemia, Diagnostic Testing. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tularemia, Treatment. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html.
17. Christopher, G. W., Cieslak, T. J., Pavlin, J. A., & Eitzen, E. M., Jr. (1997). Biological warfare. A historical perspective. JAMA, 278(5), 412-417.
18. Dahlstrand, S., Ringertz, O., & Zetterberg, B. (1971). Airborne tularemia in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3(1), 7-16.
19. Darling, R. G., & Catlett, C. L. (2002). Threats in bioterrorism I: CDC catagory A agents. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 20, 273-309.
20. Dennis, D. T., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., . . . Working Group on Civilian, B. (2001). Tularemia as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. JAMA, 285(21), 2763-2773.
21. Ellis, J., Oyston, P. C., Green, M., & Titball, R. W. (2002). Tularemia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(4), 631-646.
22. Evans, M. E., & Friedlander, A. M. (1997). Textbook of military medicine: Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America.
23. Evans, M. E., Gregory, D. W., Schaffner, W., & McGee, Z. A. (1985). Tularemia: A 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine, 64(4), 251-269.
24. FDA. Emergency Use of an Investigational Drug or Biologic. https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm126491.htm. 2016.
25. Feldman, K. A., Enscore, R. E., Lathrop, S. L., Matyas, B. T., McGuill, M., Schriefer, M. E., . . . Hayes, E. B. (2001). An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(22), 1601-1606. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011374
26. FEMA/USACE (2010). IS-26: Guide to Points of Distribution. https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-26. Accessed 5/29/17
27. Gimenez-Garcia, R.., Serna de Frutos, M., Gil Dominguez, M., Villalba Cabezon G. (2016). J Infect Dis Ther. 4:3. Dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000282.
28. GlobalSecurity.org. (2011, July 24, 2011). Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), from http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio-tularemia.htm
29. Holland, K.M., Rosa S.J., Hazlett K.R.O. (2016). Francisella tularensis – Immune Cell Activator, Suppressor, or Stealthy Evader: The Evolving View from the Petri Dish. J Bioterr Biodef, 7(2). Doi: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000/44.
30. Jacoby I. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Attack in in Ciottone’s Disaster Medicine, 2e by G. R. Ciottone, P. D. Bittinger, et al (eds). November, 2015; Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN-13: 978-0323286657.
31. Jellison, W. L., & Kohls, G. M. (1955). Tularemia in sheep and in sheep industry workers in western United States. Public Health Monograph, 28, 1-19.
32. Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):933-944.
33. Karpoff, S. P., & Antonoff, N. I. (1936). The spread of tularemia through water, as a new factor in its epidemiology. Journal of Bacteriology, 32(3), 243-258.
34. Karwa, M., Currie, B., & Kvetan, V. (2005). Bioterrorism: Preparing for the impossible or the improbable. Critical Care Medicine, 33(1 Suppl), S75-95.
35. Lam, C, Waldhorn R, Toner, E, Inglesby T.V., O'Toole, T. (2006). The Prospect of Using
a. Alternative Medical Care Facilities in an Influenza Pandemic. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 4(4): 384-390.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2006.4.384
36. Matyas, B. T., Nieder, H. S., & Telford, S. R., 3rd. (2007). Pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard: clinical, epidemiologic, and ecological characteristics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1105, 351-377. doi: 10.1196/annals.1409.013
37. Maurin, M. (2015). Francisella tularensis as a potential agent of bioterrorism? Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 13(2), 141-144.
38. McDade JE, Franz D. Bioterrorism as a Public Health Threat. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(3):493-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0403.980341
39. McGovern, T. W., Christopher, G. W., & Eitzen, E. M. (1999). Cutaneous manifestations of biological warfare and related threat agents. Archives of Dermatology, 135(3), 311-322.
40. Nigrovic, L. E., & Wingerter, S. L. (2008). Tularemia. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 22(3), 489-504, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.004
41. Pedati, C., House, J., Hancock-Allen, J., Colton, L, et al. (2015). Notes from the Field: Increase in Human Cases of Tularemia — Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming, January–September 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). December 4, 2015 / 64(47);1317-8.
42. Penn, R. L. (2012, January 17, 2012). Epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis of tularemia, from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-tularemia
43. Roberts L. M., Wehrly T. D., Crane D.D., Bosio C. M. (2017). Expansion and retention of pulmonary CD4+ Tcells after prime boost vaccination correlates with improved longevity and strength of immunity against tularemia. Vaccine, 35, 2575-2581.
44. Saslaw, S., Eigelsbach, H. T., Prior, J. A., Wilson, H. E., & Carhart, S. (1961). Tularemia vaccine study II. Respiratory challenge. Archives of Internal Medicine, 107, 702-714.
45. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. (2012, January 13, 2012). Tularemia: Natural disease vs. act of bioterrorism, from http://www.siumed.edu/medicine/id/tularemia.htm
46. Stuart, B., & Pullen, R. (1945a). Tularemic meningitis: Review of the literature and report of a case with postmortem observations. Archives of Internal Medicine, 76, 163-166.
47. Stuart, B., & Pullen, R. (1945b). Tularemic pneumonia: Review of American literature and report of 15 additional cases. American Journal of Medical Science, 210, 223-236.
48. Syrjala, H., Kujala, P., Myllyla, V., & Salminen, A. (1985). Airborne transmission of tularemia in farmers. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17(4), 371-375.
49. Thomas, L. D., & Schaffner, W. (2010). Tularemia pneumonia. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 24(1), 43-55. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.012
50. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, Livengood JR, Sokolow R, Mauvais S, A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA. 1997;278: 389–95.
2. Altizer, S, Ostfeld, R.S., Johnson, P.T.J., et al. Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: From Evidence to a Predictive Framework. Science 02 Aug 2013: 514-519.
3. Aquino, L. L., & Wu, J. J. (2011). Cutaneous manifestations of category A bioweapons. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 65(6), 1213 e1211-1213 e1215. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.040
4. Avery, F. W., & Barnett, T. B. (1967). Pulmonary tularemia. A report of five cases and consideration of pathogenesis and terminology. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 95(4), 584-591.
5. Bork, C. E. and Rega, P. P. (2012), An Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge of Botulism. Public Health Nurs., 29: 168–174. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00988.x
6. Bush, L.M., Abrams, B.H., Beall, A., Johnson, C.C. Index Case of Fatal Inhalational Anthrax Due to Bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1607-1610; November 29, 2001. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012948
7. Center for Biosecurity of UPMC. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) (2011). Updated 10/13/2011. www.upmc-biosecurity.org.
8. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. (2010). Tularemia: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis, from http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/tularemia/biofacts/tularemiafactsheet.html
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1997. MMWR; Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 46(54), ii-vii, 3-87.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Tularemia--United States, 1990-2000. MMWR; Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51(9), 181-184.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, January 11, 2011). Tularemia, from http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tularemia, from http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/index.html
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Tularemia, Signs and Symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/signssymptoms/index.html
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Tularemia Transmission. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tularemia, Diagnostic Testing. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tularemia, Treatment. https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/clinicians/index.html.
17. Christopher, G. W., Cieslak, T. J., Pavlin, J. A., & Eitzen, E. M., Jr. (1997). Biological warfare. A historical perspective. JAMA, 278(5), 412-417.
18. Dahlstrand, S., Ringertz, O., & Zetterberg, B. (1971). Airborne tularemia in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 3(1), 7-16.
19. Darling, R. G., & Catlett, C. L. (2002). Threats in bioterrorism I: CDC catagory A agents. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 20, 273-309.
20. Dennis, D. T., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., . . . Working Group on Civilian, B. (2001). Tularemia as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. JAMA, 285(21), 2763-2773.
21. Ellis, J., Oyston, P. C., Green, M., & Titball, R. W. (2002). Tularemia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(4), 631-646.
22. Evans, M. E., & Friedlander, A. M. (1997). Textbook of military medicine: Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America.
23. Evans, M. E., Gregory, D. W., Schaffner, W., & McGee, Z. A. (1985). Tularemia: A 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine, 64(4), 251-269.
24. FDA. Emergency Use of an Investigational Drug or Biologic. https://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm126491.htm. 2016.
25. Feldman, K. A., Enscore, R. E., Lathrop, S. L., Matyas, B. T., McGuill, M., Schriefer, M. E., . . . Hayes, E. B. (2001). An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(22), 1601-1606. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011374
26. FEMA/USACE (2010). IS-26: Guide to Points of Distribution. https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-26. Accessed 5/29/17
27. Gimenez-Garcia, R.., Serna de Frutos, M., Gil Dominguez, M., Villalba Cabezon G. (2016). J Infect Dis Ther. 4:3. Dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000282.
28. GlobalSecurity.org. (2011, July 24, 2011). Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), from http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio-tularemia.htm
29. Holland, K.M., Rosa S.J., Hazlett K.R.O. (2016). Francisella tularensis – Immune Cell Activator, Suppressor, or Stealthy Evader: The Evolving View from the Petri Dish. J Bioterr Biodef, 7(2). Doi: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000/44.
30. Jacoby I. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Attack in in Ciottone’s Disaster Medicine, 2e by G. R. Ciottone, P. D. Bittinger, et al (eds). November, 2015; Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN-13: 978-0323286657.
31. Jellison, W. L., & Kohls, G. M. (1955). Tularemia in sheep and in sheep industry workers in western United States. Public Health Monograph, 28, 1-19.
32. Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(6):933-944.
33. Karpoff, S. P., & Antonoff, N. I. (1936). The spread of tularemia through water, as a new factor in its epidemiology. Journal of Bacteriology, 32(3), 243-258.
34. Karwa, M., Currie, B., & Kvetan, V. (2005). Bioterrorism: Preparing for the impossible or the improbable. Critical Care Medicine, 33(1 Suppl), S75-95.
35. Lam, C, Waldhorn R, Toner, E, Inglesby T.V., O'Toole, T. (2006). The Prospect of Using
a. Alternative Medical Care Facilities in an Influenza Pandemic. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 4(4): 384-390.
https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2006.4.384
36. Matyas, B. T., Nieder, H. S., & Telford, S. R., 3rd. (2007). Pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard: clinical, epidemiologic, and ecological characteristics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1105, 351-377. doi: 10.1196/annals.1409.013
37. Maurin, M. (2015). Francisella tularensis as a potential agent of bioterrorism? Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 13(2), 141-144.
38. McDade JE, Franz D. Bioterrorism as a Public Health Threat. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(3):493-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0403.980341
39. McGovern, T. W., Christopher, G. W., & Eitzen, E. M. (1999). Cutaneous manifestations of biological warfare and related threat agents. Archives of Dermatology, 135(3), 311-322.
40. Nigrovic, L. E., & Wingerter, S. L. (2008). Tularemia. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 22(3), 489-504, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.004
41. Pedati, C., House, J., Hancock-Allen, J., Colton, L, et al. (2015). Notes from the Field: Increase in Human Cases of Tularemia — Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming, January–September 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). December 4, 2015 / 64(47);1317-8.
42. Penn, R. L. (2012, January 17, 2012). Epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis of tularemia, from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-microbiology-and-pathogenesis-of-tularemia
43. Roberts L. M., Wehrly T. D., Crane D.D., Bosio C. M. (2017). Expansion and retention of pulmonary CD4+ Tcells after prime boost vaccination correlates with improved longevity and strength of immunity against tularemia. Vaccine, 35, 2575-2581.
44. Saslaw, S., Eigelsbach, H. T., Prior, J. A., Wilson, H. E., & Carhart, S. (1961). Tularemia vaccine study II. Respiratory challenge. Archives of Internal Medicine, 107, 702-714.
45. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. (2012, January 13, 2012). Tularemia: Natural disease vs. act of bioterrorism, from http://www.siumed.edu/medicine/id/tularemia.htm
46. Stuart, B., & Pullen, R. (1945a). Tularemic meningitis: Review of the literature and report of a case with postmortem observations. Archives of Internal Medicine, 76, 163-166.
47. Stuart, B., & Pullen, R. (1945b). Tularemic pneumonia: Review of American literature and report of 15 additional cases. American Journal of Medical Science, 210, 223-236.
48. Syrjala, H., Kujala, P., Myllyla, V., & Salminen, A. (1985). Airborne transmission of tularemia in farmers. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 17(4), 371-375.
49. Thomas, L. D., & Schaffner, W. (2010). Tularemia pneumonia. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 24(1), 43-55. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.012
50. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, Livengood JR, Sokolow R, Mauvais S, A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA. 1997;278: 389–95.