Digital health and consumer health informatics: past and future
Main Article Content
Abstract
This perspective paper introduces digital health and consumer health informatics, their focus areas, origins, current trends, and future challenges. The paper aims to elaborate on the differences and their connections within the broader context of biomedical and health informatics. The goal is to provide a better and clearer navigation system for readers and researchers in the fields of digital health and consumer health informatics.
Keywords:
digital health, consumer health informatics, perspectives, trends, challenges
Article Details
How to Cite
JING, Xia; MIN, Hua; GONG, Yang.
Digital health and consumer health informatics: past and future.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, jan. 2026.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7206>. Date accessed: 16 mar. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v14i1.7206.
Keywords
digital health, consumer health informatics, perspectives, trends, challenges
Section
Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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5. Park Y, Kim E-J, Park S, Lee M. Digital Health Intervention Effect on Older Adults With Chronic Diseases Living Alone: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Review. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e63168. doi: 10.2196/63168
6. Krishna K, Portsmouth L, Harris C, Ciccarelli M. What's the ‘Secret Sauce’?: A Systematic Review of the Characteristics of Effective Digital Health Behaviour Change Interventions for Children and Adolescents. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 2025;36(3):e70051. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.70051
7. Makizako H, Shiratsuchi D, Akaida S, et al. Effects of digital-based interventions on the outcomes of the eligibility criteria for sarcopenia in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. 2025;104:102663.
8. Cheung LG-M, Thomas PC, Brvar E, Rowe S. User Experiences of and Preferences for Self-Guided Digital Interventions for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Eating Disorders: Systematic Review and Metasynthesis. Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2025;12:e57795. doi:10.2196/57795
9. Malouin-Lachance A, Capolupo J, Laplante C, A H. Does the Digital Therapeutic Alliance Exist? Integrative Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2025;12:e6 9294. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/69294
10. Huang S, Wang Y, Li G, Hall BJ, Nyman TJ. Digital Mental Health Interventions for Alleviating Depression and Anxiety During Psychotherapy Waiting Lists: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2024;11:e56650. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/56650
11. Bourboulis S, Kemp E, Finding My Way-Advanced Authorship Group, Beatty L. A qualitative exploration of factors that influence engagement with a digital mental health intervention for women with metastatic breast cancer: Finding My Way-Advanced. Support Care Cancer. 2025;33(4):333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-025-09379-9
12. Lui CXY, Yang N, Tang A, Tam WWS. Effectiveness Evaluation of Smart Home Technology in Preventing and Detecting Falls in Community and Residential Care Settings for Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2025; 26(1):105347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105347
13. Oluokun EO, Adedoyin FF, Dogan H, Jiang N. Digital Interventions for Managing Medication and Health Care Service Delivery in West Africa: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e4 4294. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/44294
14. Yau CE, Ho ECK, Ong NY, Loh CJK, Mai AS, Tan EK. Innovative technology-based interventions in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2024;11(10): 2548-2562. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.52160
15. Liu X, Yang Y, Ye Z, et al. The effect of digital interventions on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 2024 Nov 15; 2024 ;365:563-577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.156
16. Semerci R, Savaş EH, Kudubeş AA. Utilizing Digital Tools for Self-Report Symptom Assessment and Management in Pediatric Oncology: A Systematic Review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2024;68(6):e417 -e433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.07.006
17. van Tilburg ML, Spin I, Pisters MF, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Digital Health Services for People With Musculoskeletal Conditions in the Primary Health Care Setting: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26: e49868. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/49868
18. Niyomyart A, Ruksakulpiwat S, Benjasirisan C, et al. Current Status of Barriers to mHealth Access Among Patients With Stroke and Steps Toward the Digital Health Era: Systematic Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024;12:e54511. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/54511
19. Zakiyah N, Marulin D, Alfaqeeh M, et al. Economic Evaluations of Digital Health Interventions for Patients With Heart Failure: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26: e53500. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/53500
20. Vacchi L, Zirone E, Strina V, Cavaletti G, Ferrarese C. Mobile Applications to Support Multiple Sclerosis Communities: The Post-COVID-19 Scenario. Telemed J E Health. 2024;30(6):e1615 -e1628. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2023.0515
21. Grady A, Pearson N, Lamont H, et al. The Effectiveness of Strategies to Improve User Engagement With Digital Health Interventions Targeting Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Overweight and Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e47987. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/47987
22. Heerman WJ, Rothman RL, Sanders LM, et al. A Digital Health Behavior Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity: The Greenlight Plus Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332(24):2068-2080. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.22362
23. Boggs JM, Quintana LM, Beck A, et al. A Randomized Control Trial of a Digital Health Tool for Safer Firearm and Medication Storage for Patients with Suicide Risk. Prev Sci. 2024;25(2):358-368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-024-01641-6
24. Tan R, Kavishe G, Luwanda LB, et al. A digital health algorithm to guide antibiotic prescription in pediatric outpatient care: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(1):76-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02633-9
25. Wang Y, Guo F, Wang J, et al. Efficacy of a WeChat-Based Multimodal Digital Transformation Management Model in New-Onset Mild to Moderate Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e52464. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/52464
26. Greenwood SA, Young HML, Briggs J, et al. Evaluating the effect of a digital health intervention to enhance physical activity in people with chronic kidney disease (Kidney BEAM): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial in the UK. Lancet Digit Health. 2024;6(1):e23-e32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00204-2
27. Ming Y, Li Y, Liu Y. Digital technologies as solutions to China’s aging population: a systematic review of their opportunities and challenges in rural development. Systematic Review. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025-January-15 2025;Volume 12 - 2024doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1416968
28. Alley SJ, Water KM, Parker F. The effectiveness of digital physical activity interventions in older adults: a systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024;21: 144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-024-01694-4
29. Miller HN, Gallis JA, Berger MB, et al. Weight Gain Prevention Outcomes From a Pragmatic Digital Health Intervention With Community Health Center Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e50330. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/50330
30. Nakayama T. Considerations of Providing the Public with Health Information. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2021;141(3):377-380. doi: https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.20-00207-1
31. Demiris G. Consumer Health Informatics: Past, Present, and Future of a Rapidly Evolving Domain. Yearb Med Inform. May 20 2016;Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S 42-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.15265/IYS-2016-s005
32. Canfell OJ, Woods L, Robins D, Sullivan C. Consumer Health Informatics to Advance Precision Prevention. Yearb Med Inform. 2024;33(1):149-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s- 0044-1800735
33. Tomlin HR, Wissing M, Tanikella S, Kaur P, L T. Challenges and Opportunities for Professional Medical Publications Writers to Contribute to Plain Language Summaries (PLS) in an AI/ML Environment - A Consumer Health Informatics Systematic Review. AMIA; 2023:709-717.
34. Gabarron E, Rivera-Romero O, Miron-Shatz T, Grainger R, Denecke K. Role of Participatory Health Informatics in Detecting and Managing Pandemics: Literature Review. Yearb Med Inform. 2021;30(1): 200-209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726486
35. Lor M, Backonja U. Visualizations Integrated Into Consumer Health Technologies Support Self-management of Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Comput Inform Nurs. 2020;38(3):120-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000583
36. Walsh-Childers K, Odedina F, Poitier A, Kaninjing E, 3rd TG. Choosing Channels, Sources, and Content for Communicating Prostate Cancer Information to Black Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(5):1728-1745. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786669
37. Golembiewski EH, Mainous AG 3rd, Rahmanian KP, et al. An Electronic Tool to Support Patient-Centered Broad Consent: A Multi-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial in Family Medicine. Ann Fam Med. 2021;19(1)doi:https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2610
38. Reeves MJ, Fritz MC, Woodward AT, et al. Michigan Stroke Transitions Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(7):e005493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005493
39. Ledford CJW, Womack JJ, Rider HA, et al. Unexpected Effects of a System-Distributed Mobile Application in Maternity Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Health Educ Behav. 2018;45(3):32 3-330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198117732110
40. Katz ME, Mszar R, Grimshaw AA, et al. Digital Health Interventions for Hypertension Management in US Populations Experiencing Health Disparities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(2):e2356070. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.56070
41. Kang H, Park HA. Development of Hypertension Management Mobile Application based on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;210:602-6.
42. Donevant SB, Estrada RD, Culley JM, Habing B, Adams SA. Exploring app features with outcomes in mHealth studies involving chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and hypertension: a targeted exploration of the literature. J Am Med Inform Assoc. Oct 1 2018;25(10):1407-1418. doi:10 .1093/jamia/ocy104
43. Wagner PJ, Dias J, Howard S, et al. Personal health records and hypertension control: a randomized trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc. Jul-Aug 2012;19(4): 626-34. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000349
44. Powers B, King J, Ali R, et al. The Cholesterol, Hypertension, and Glucose Education (CHANGE) study for African Americans with diabetes: study design and methodology. Am Heart J. 2009;158:342-348.
45. Lai AM, Hsueh PS, Choi YK, Austin RR. Present and Future Trends in Consumer Health Informatics and Patient-Generated Health Data. Yearb Med Inform. 2017;26(1):152- 159. doi: https://doi.org/10.15265/IY-2017-016
46. Wickramasinghe N. Essential Considerations for Successful Consumer Health Informatics Solutions. Yearb Med Inform. 2019;28(1):158-164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677909
47. Huh J, Koola J, Contreras A, et al. Consumer Health Informatics Adoption among Underserved Populations: Thinking beyond the Digital Divide. Yearb Med Inform. 2018;27(1):146-155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641217
48. Valdez RS, Rogers CC. Consumer Health Informatics for Racial and Ethnic Minoritized Communities: Minor Progress, Major Opportunities. Yearb Med Inform. 2022;31(1):167-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1742520
2. Shortliffe EH, Cimino JJ, Chiang MF. Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. 5th ed. Springer International Publishing; 2021.
3. Hersh W. Health Informatics: Practical Guide, 8th Edition. Lulu.com; 2022.
4. Liu X, Ning L, Fan W, Jia C, Ge L. Electronic Health Interventions and Cervical Cancer Screening: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e58066. doi:10.2196/58066
5. Park Y, Kim E-J, Park S, Lee M. Digital Health Intervention Effect on Older Adults With Chronic Diseases Living Alone: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Review. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e63168. doi: 10.2196/63168
6. Krishna K, Portsmouth L, Harris C, Ciccarelli M. What's the ‘Secret Sauce’?: A Systematic Review of the Characteristics of Effective Digital Health Behaviour Change Interventions for Children and Adolescents. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 2025;36(3):e70051. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.70051
7. Makizako H, Shiratsuchi D, Akaida S, et al. Effects of digital-based interventions on the outcomes of the eligibility criteria for sarcopenia in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews. 2025;104:102663.
8. Cheung LG-M, Thomas PC, Brvar E, Rowe S. User Experiences of and Preferences for Self-Guided Digital Interventions for the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Eating Disorders: Systematic Review and Metasynthesis. Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2025;12:e57795. doi:10.2196/57795
9. Malouin-Lachance A, Capolupo J, Laplante C, A H. Does the Digital Therapeutic Alliance Exist? Integrative Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2025;12:e6 9294. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/69294
10. Huang S, Wang Y, Li G, Hall BJ, Nyman TJ. Digital Mental Health Interventions for Alleviating Depression and Anxiety During Psychotherapy Waiting Lists: Systematic Review. JMIR Ment Health. 2024;11:e56650. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/56650
11. Bourboulis S, Kemp E, Finding My Way-Advanced Authorship Group, Beatty L. A qualitative exploration of factors that influence engagement with a digital mental health intervention for women with metastatic breast cancer: Finding My Way-Advanced. Support Care Cancer. 2025;33(4):333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-025-09379-9
12. Lui CXY, Yang N, Tang A, Tam WWS. Effectiveness Evaluation of Smart Home Technology in Preventing and Detecting Falls in Community and Residential Care Settings for Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2025; 26(1):105347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105347
13. Oluokun EO, Adedoyin FF, Dogan H, Jiang N. Digital Interventions for Managing Medication and Health Care Service Delivery in West Africa: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e4 4294. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/44294
14. Yau CE, Ho ECK, Ong NY, Loh CJK, Mai AS, Tan EK. Innovative technology-based interventions in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2024;11(10): 2548-2562. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.52160
15. Liu X, Yang Y, Ye Z, et al. The effect of digital interventions on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 2024 Nov 15; 2024 ;365:563-577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.156
16. Semerci R, Savaş EH, Kudubeş AA. Utilizing Digital Tools for Self-Report Symptom Assessment and Management in Pediatric Oncology: A Systematic Review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2024;68(6):e417 -e433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.07.006
17. van Tilburg ML, Spin I, Pisters MF, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Digital Health Services for People With Musculoskeletal Conditions in the Primary Health Care Setting: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26: e49868. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/49868
18. Niyomyart A, Ruksakulpiwat S, Benjasirisan C, et al. Current Status of Barriers to mHealth Access Among Patients With Stroke and Steps Toward the Digital Health Era: Systematic Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024;12:e54511. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/54511
19. Zakiyah N, Marulin D, Alfaqeeh M, et al. Economic Evaluations of Digital Health Interventions for Patients With Heart Failure: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26: e53500. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/53500
20. Vacchi L, Zirone E, Strina V, Cavaletti G, Ferrarese C. Mobile Applications to Support Multiple Sclerosis Communities: The Post-COVID-19 Scenario. Telemed J E Health. 2024;30(6):e1615 -e1628. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2023.0515
21. Grady A, Pearson N, Lamont H, et al. The Effectiveness of Strategies to Improve User Engagement With Digital Health Interventions Targeting Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Overweight and Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e47987. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/47987
22. Heerman WJ, Rothman RL, Sanders LM, et al. A Digital Health Behavior Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity: The Greenlight Plus Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332(24):2068-2080. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.22362
23. Boggs JM, Quintana LM, Beck A, et al. A Randomized Control Trial of a Digital Health Tool for Safer Firearm and Medication Storage for Patients with Suicide Risk. Prev Sci. 2024;25(2):358-368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-024-01641-6
24. Tan R, Kavishe G, Luwanda LB, et al. A digital health algorithm to guide antibiotic prescription in pediatric outpatient care: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(1):76-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02633-9
25. Wang Y, Guo F, Wang J, et al. Efficacy of a WeChat-Based Multimodal Digital Transformation Management Model in New-Onset Mild to Moderate Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e52464. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/52464
26. Greenwood SA, Young HML, Briggs J, et al. Evaluating the effect of a digital health intervention to enhance physical activity in people with chronic kidney disease (Kidney BEAM): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial in the UK. Lancet Digit Health. 2024;6(1):e23-e32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00204-2
27. Ming Y, Li Y, Liu Y. Digital technologies as solutions to China’s aging population: a systematic review of their opportunities and challenges in rural development. Systematic Review. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025-January-15 2025;Volume 12 - 2024doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1416968
28. Alley SJ, Water KM, Parker F. The effectiveness of digital physical activity interventions in older adults: a systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024;21: 144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-024-01694-4
29. Miller HN, Gallis JA, Berger MB, et al. Weight Gain Prevention Outcomes From a Pragmatic Digital Health Intervention With Community Health Center Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e50330. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/50330
30. Nakayama T. Considerations of Providing the Public with Health Information. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2021;141(3):377-380. doi: https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.20-00207-1
31. Demiris G. Consumer Health Informatics: Past, Present, and Future of a Rapidly Evolving Domain. Yearb Med Inform. May 20 2016;Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S 42-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.15265/IYS-2016-s005
32. Canfell OJ, Woods L, Robins D, Sullivan C. Consumer Health Informatics to Advance Precision Prevention. Yearb Med Inform. 2024;33(1):149-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s- 0044-1800735
33. Tomlin HR, Wissing M, Tanikella S, Kaur P, L T. Challenges and Opportunities for Professional Medical Publications Writers to Contribute to Plain Language Summaries (PLS) in an AI/ML Environment - A Consumer Health Informatics Systematic Review. AMIA; 2023:709-717.
34. Gabarron E, Rivera-Romero O, Miron-Shatz T, Grainger R, Denecke K. Role of Participatory Health Informatics in Detecting and Managing Pandemics: Literature Review. Yearb Med Inform. 2021;30(1): 200-209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726486
35. Lor M, Backonja U. Visualizations Integrated Into Consumer Health Technologies Support Self-management of Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Comput Inform Nurs. 2020;38(3):120-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000583
36. Walsh-Childers K, Odedina F, Poitier A, Kaninjing E, 3rd TG. Choosing Channels, Sources, and Content for Communicating Prostate Cancer Information to Black Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(5):1728-1745. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786669
37. Golembiewski EH, Mainous AG 3rd, Rahmanian KP, et al. An Electronic Tool to Support Patient-Centered Broad Consent: A Multi-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial in Family Medicine. Ann Fam Med. 2021;19(1)doi:https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2610
38. Reeves MJ, Fritz MC, Woodward AT, et al. Michigan Stroke Transitions Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(7):e005493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005493
39. Ledford CJW, Womack JJ, Rider HA, et al. Unexpected Effects of a System-Distributed Mobile Application in Maternity Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Health Educ Behav. 2018;45(3):32 3-330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198117732110
40. Katz ME, Mszar R, Grimshaw AA, et al. Digital Health Interventions for Hypertension Management in US Populations Experiencing Health Disparities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(2):e2356070. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.56070
41. Kang H, Park HA. Development of Hypertension Management Mobile Application based on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;210:602-6.
42. Donevant SB, Estrada RD, Culley JM, Habing B, Adams SA. Exploring app features with outcomes in mHealth studies involving chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and hypertension: a targeted exploration of the literature. J Am Med Inform Assoc. Oct 1 2018;25(10):1407-1418. doi:10 .1093/jamia/ocy104
43. Wagner PJ, Dias J, Howard S, et al. Personal health records and hypertension control: a randomized trial. J Am Med Inform Assoc. Jul-Aug 2012;19(4): 626-34. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000349
44. Powers B, King J, Ali R, et al. The Cholesterol, Hypertension, and Glucose Education (CHANGE) study for African Americans with diabetes: study design and methodology. Am Heart J. 2009;158:342-348.
45. Lai AM, Hsueh PS, Choi YK, Austin RR. Present and Future Trends in Consumer Health Informatics and Patient-Generated Health Data. Yearb Med Inform. 2017;26(1):152- 159. doi: https://doi.org/10.15265/IY-2017-016
46. Wickramasinghe N. Essential Considerations for Successful Consumer Health Informatics Solutions. Yearb Med Inform. 2019;28(1):158-164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677909
47. Huh J, Koola J, Contreras A, et al. Consumer Health Informatics Adoption among Underserved Populations: Thinking beyond the Digital Divide. Yearb Med Inform. 2018;27(1):146-155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641217
48. Valdez RS, Rogers CC. Consumer Health Informatics for Racial and Ethnic Minoritized Communities: Minor Progress, Major Opportunities. Yearb Med Inform. 2022;31(1):167-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1742520