Paradoxical autoimmune-like manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A clinical and immunological review.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite effective antiretroviral therapy, is increasingly associated with paradoxical autoimmune phenomena, presenting a significant clinical challenge. This review explores the intricate immunological dysregulations, including alterations in B and T and innate lymphocyte interactions, molecular mimicry, and polyclonal B cell activation, that contribute to the emergence of autoantibodies and autoimmune-like conditions in HIV-infected individuals. We mention the complex interplay between HIV infection and the development of autoimmune-like manifestations, discussing both direct viral effects and the impact of opportunistic and antiretroviral treatment on immune homeostasis.