Genetic diversity of risk variants on Bone and Cartilage diseases in Latin-American populations

GWAS have provided significant knowledge about variants in the genome, particularly of biomedical interest. Differences have been observed between populations that have been argued to be risk factors for disease. The truth is that knowledge of the populations that represent a society is invaluable for understanding each population, particularly in the health field. Moreover, these will become valuable tools for addressing disease management more efficiently in the coming years, especially in highly heterogeneous and stratified societies. We describe and analyze different frequencies of genetic risk variants for bone and cartilage diseases in Latin American populations, which are underrepresented in the literature due to the scarcity of studies in highly stratified populations. This has greatly hindered the management of multifactorial diseases, negatively impacting their treatment. Gene variants of single nucleotide have been associated with risk factors of bone pathologies such as osteoporosis and inflammatory responses in cartilage responsible for pathologies mainly arthritis, among others. The physiological pathways that are predominantly affected are those of the control and regulation of endocrine metabolism like the Estrogen and Vitamin D as the aims, structural proteins and the regulation of the inflammatory response, mainly mediated by cytokines and WNT pathway. New studies have revealed the addition of targets in the complexity of the ways in which a clinical condition could develop, depending on the genetics of the population and its environment. We compile most of the studies found on Latin American populations (Supported with AI tools), which have shown enormous genetic variability and analyze how this could impact their population health.