Article Test

Highlights:
• The aim of this study is to demonstrate that microorganisms and flies may derive from sterile organic matter consistent with the Darwinian theory of evolution.
• Microwave sterilized eggs developed microorganisms and flies after three weeks in ambient temperatures and in sterile conditions.
• Our study validates that life began from sterile earth and supports the Darwinian theory of evolution.
• Some infections may be endogenous and develop independent of contamination or oviposition.

Background:
Blow flies (Calliphoridae -Diptera), crucial participants in the mammalian decomposition1,2,3,4 are known as the causative agents of myiasis by oviposition on human or other vertebrates’ necrotic or living tissues 1,2. It has been hypothesized that some myiasis may develop from less complex microorganisms and independent of oviposition5 consistent with the Darwinian theory of evolution6. Furthermore, this novel hypothesis, have been supported by two studies:
1. Blowflies were found in the body of an accident victim in a dark cave in the Swiss Alps 7. Because blowflies cannot fly in darkness 8,9,10, this observation suggested that the blowflies had developed independent of oviposition.
2. Carrion placed in a dark cave was infested by blowflies4. Because blowflies cannot fly in darkness8,9,10 this observation suggested that the blowflies had developed independent of oviposition.

Objective:
To demonstrate that flies may develop from less complex microorganisms consistent with the Darwinian theory of evolution and independent of oviposition.

Methods:
Three intact eggs in a tightly closed jar were sterilized in a microwave for 5 minutes, were kept in ambient conditions in New Orleans, LA for three weeks and shipped by FedEx via air to Anresco labs in San Francisco, CA. The eggs remained in the tightly closed jar and the jar was placed in a tightly closed plastic FedEx envelope to prevent contamination. Samples were planted from a -4 to 8 -dilution in anticipation for high counts. No growth in lowest dilution is reported in less than 10,000 cfu/g. One colony of sample plate was submitted to Midi labs for DNA sequencing.

Results:
130 million Bacillus atropheus and bacillus amyloltquefaciens..There were more than 20 flies outside of the jar and inside on the cap of the jar. Most of the flies were in the pupa stage and some were already adults. All the flies were identified as Hump Backed Flies Family Phoridae

Discussion:
The dual findings -the microbial growth and the emergence of flies- suggest that sterile eggs produced microorganisms which were evolved into multicellular flies independent of oviposition. To my knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that sterile organic matter can produce microorganisms and flies( more complex multicellular organisms).  Also, of significance this is the first study to show that flies may develop independent of oviposition. Our findings may have other implications related to two fundamental paradigms, the origin of life from organic matter and the Darwinian theory of evolution. In essence, this may also be the first study to demonstrate that these two classic paradigms are correct. The transformation of sterile organic matter to microorganisms supports the origin of life from sterile organic matter. The emergence of microorganisms and flies from sterile organic matter is consistent with the Darwinian theory of evolution at least partially and without any support for the environmental conditions facilitating the survival of the fittest. Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that all species share a common ancestor - the first microorganisms - and all species may have two possible origins, reproduction or evolution from a less complex organism6. This dual pathway may be observed in the evolution of blow flies in a predicted schedule and sequence in the evolution of more complex microorganisms from less complex microorganisms during the mammalian decomposition1,2,3.

Is it possible that our findings are erroneous due to possible contamination?
The eggs were sterilized by a home-type microwave oven (2.45 GHz) which was reported to completely inactivate bacterial cultures, mycobacteria, viruses, and G. stearothermophilus spores within 60 seconds to 5 minutes11 .However,it has been suggested that higher power microwaves in the presence of water may be needed for sterilization11 .The origin of life on earth12 and a previous study showing evidence of fermentation of eggs sterilized in boiling water for five minutes13 suggest the microbial growth is very unlikely to be due to contamination.

Furthermore, ultra-high-temperature-sterilized milk has a shelf life suggesting it may spoil and It has been shown that it is possible to elicit gelation -a crucial process of fermentation-of ultra-high- temperature-sterilized milk by proteases from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens14. The possibility of oviposition during transportation cannot be dismissed. However, the Hump Backed Flies Family Phoridae were found in the plastic tightly closed bag. Hence, oviposition was virtually impossible. It seems reasonable to consider that, the changes in air pressure loosened the lid of the jar during the flight from New Orleans to San Francisco. Future studies are necessary to validate our findings. To my knowledge, this is the first. What do our findings represent for clinical medicine? It seems likely that some, myiasis may develop independent of oviposition and some or possibly the great majority of opportunistic and fungal infections are endogenous and not caused by foreign invading pathogens.

Conclusion:
Our findings seem to validate Darwin’s theory of evolution and the hypothesis that life on earth began from sterile organic matter. Furthermore, it seems that myiasis and most opportunistic and fungal infections are endogenous.

References:
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2. Hyde, E.R., Haarmann, D.P., Petrosino, J.F. et al. Initial insights into bacterial succession during human    decomposition. Int J Legal  Med 129, 661–671 (2015).
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4. Metcalf JL,Carter DO,Knight R,Microbiology of Death, Current Biology(2016) 26, R543–R576,
5. Salerian AJ, Origin of Myiasis, International Journal of Scientific Research, 2022, volume 11, issue 09.
6. Darwin, Charles (1872). The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (6th ed.).
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8. Smith J L, Palermo N A, Theobald J C, Wells J,The forensically important blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala ( Diptera : Calliphoridae) is more likely to walk then fly to Carrion at low light levels. Forensic Science International,2016, volume 266, Pages 245 –249.
9. Zurawski K N, Benbow M E, Miller J R, Meritt R W, Examination of Nocturnal Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Oviposition on Pig Carcasses in Mid- Michigan, Journal of Medical Entomology 2009,46(3):671-679.
10. Kern R, Boeddeker N, Dittmar L, Egelhaaf M.,Blowfly flight characteristics are shaped by environmental features and controlled by optic flow information. The Journal of Experimental Biology,2012, 215, 2501-2514.
11. hhtps://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelin es/disinfection/sterilization/other-methods.html
12. Cavalier-Smith T., Cell evolution and Earth history: Stasis and revolution. Philosophical transactions Royal Society in London biological sciences.2006, 361; (1470) 969 – 1006.
13. Salerian AJ, Do sterile eggs produce microbes? European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 2023. 10(6),45-46.
14. Law, B., Andrews, A., & Sharpe, M. Gelation of ultra-high-temperature-sterilized milk by proteases from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from raw milk. Journal of Dairy Research,1977, 44(1), 145-148