Article Test

Introduction
Cancer is a major problem and challenge facing global public health threat. Over the decades, with the continuous improvement of human health, the increasing average lifespan, and the continuous changes in lifestyle and diet, the incidence and mortality rates of cancer have continued to rise.. In 2020, there were approximately 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths worldwide (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)1. The occurrence and development of malignant tumors is a complex process, in which various internal and external factors interact with each other. Internal factors such as immune status, endocrine changes, and gene mutations in important signal transduction pathways are the main influencing factors, external factors include environmental pollution, radiation, chemical substances, etc.2,3. T cells, monocytes, macrophages, certain subsets of dendritic cells, and B cells are primary producers of IL-10, a multifunctional cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. Apart from these, IL- 10 is also produced by non-immune cells, such as keratinocytes, epithelial cells, and certain types of tumor cells. Five exons make up the human IL-10 gene, located on chromosome 1q32.14. IL 10 plays an irreplaceable role in the immune and inflammatory responses involved in the pathogenesis of cancer5.

The expression of IL-10 gene may be influenced by several single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contained in the IL-10 promoter6. The genetic variations -1082A>G (rs1800896) and -819C>T (rs1800871) have been extensively studied in various types of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer and bladder cancers7,8,9,10. Due to the fact that IL- 10 has both immunosuppressive and anti- angiogenic properties, there has been a long- standing controversy over whether the polymorphism of IL-10 can promote or inhibit the occurrence and development of malignant tumors11. 
Although a large amount of research has been conducted to elucidate the impact of IL-10 gene polymorphisms on cancer susceptibility, the relationship between tumor progression and IL-10 in cancer susceptibility remains unclear12,13. The results of these studies have generated different conclusions, possibly due to limited sample sizes or other factors such as racial background, eexperimental methods, etc. Therefore, in order to investigate the relationship between these two IL-10 gene polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility, a meta-analysis was conducted in this study.

Method
Eligibility criteria for studies
Two researchers independently conducted preliminary searches using specific keywords in multiple databases such as Pubmed, EMBASE, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) with a cut-off date of December 30, 2022. The keywords used were (IL 10 or Interleukin-10 or rs1800896 or rs1800871) AND (cancer tumor OR carcinoma) AND (mutant OR variant OR variation). The titles and abstracts of the retrieved literature were manually screened for further evaluation of their accuracy.

Criteria for acceptance and exclusion
It is necessary for the literature content to meet the following criteria in order to be included in this meta-analysis: (I) In order to investigate IL-10 polymorphisms relationship with cancer, case- control studies are required; (II) they must be available genotype and allele data; and (III) the control group must conform to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle. It will not include studies in which IL 10 polymorphisms research has not been conducted or in which enough data have not been collected to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multiple studies can use the same data set, but only the study with the largest sample size will be included in the analyses. 
Data extraction
All eligible research data were independently collected by two researchers, and the data were exchange and verified by the two researchers. We rechecked the original data to resolve any discrepancies. In the collection of information, we included details such as the first author of the article, the country of origin of the included cases, the year of publication, country of origin, type of malignancy, source of cases (either by hospital or by population), the racial composition of the study, genotyping method, number of cases and controls, and the distribution of genotypecases and controls.

Statistics analysis
Each study in the control groups was evaluate for HWE using chi-square goodness-of-fit tests. HWE was considered significantly deviated when P<0.05. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association between IL 10 polymorphisms and malignant tumors. We employed five genetic models: allelic model (A versus G or T versus C), homozygote model (AA versus GG or TT versus CC), heterozygote model (AG versus GG or TC versus CC), dominant model (AA+ AG versus GG or TT + TC versus CC), and recessive model (AA versus AG+GG or TT versus TC + CC). The minor alleles were represented by T and A, while the major alleles were represented by C and G. Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 test and the Q test. In studies lacking heterogeneity, a fixed- effects model was used to calculate the pooled OR ; otherwise, a random-effects model was used. In order to perform the sensitivity analysis, we removed one study at a time and analyzing the remaining studies in a combined manner. The HWE of control genotype distribution was assessed using the χ2 test, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered inequivalent. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Eggers test. STATA 11.0 was used for all data analyses.

Results
Characteristics of Eligible Studies. 15,418 cancer patients and 18,597 controls
were included recruited for the pooled analysis, which included 50 case-control studies (Table 1). The rs1800896 variation was analyzed in 27 studies that included 9,551 cancer patients and 10,899 control subjects. 2 studies on bladder cancer, 4 studies on renal cancer, 21 studies on prostate cancer were included in the stratified analysis by cancer type. Among the studies analyzed as control source, 15 were hospital-based, while 12 were population-based. Based on stratified analysis by ethnicity, 6 studies focused on Asians, 13 on Caucasion, 4 on African and 4 on mixed. In subgroup analysis by a genotype method, 10 studies zed TaqMan assay,1 study used PCR-RFLP, 5 studies used ARMS-PCR, 6 studies used PCR, 2 studies used real-time PCR and 3 studies performed MassARRAY. 27 studies with 5,867 cancer patients and 7,708 controls were included in the study of the rs1800871 variant. 2 of these studies involved bladder cancer, 4 involved renal cancer and 17 involved prostate cancer. Stratified analysis of control source included 11 population-based studies and 12 hospital-based studies. Asians dominated 11 studies, Caucasion dominated 7, African dominated 2 and mixed dominated 3. Among these studies that used the classical genotyping method,10 studies used TaqMan assay, 10 studies used PCR-RFLP, 4 studies used ARMS-PCR and 3 studies used PCR.

Analyzing IL 10 at rs1800896 and rs1800871 polymorphisms in different ethnicities, we calculated minor allele frequencies (MAFs).. The MAFs of the rs1800896 variant were as follows: global population, 0.3968; Africans, 0.0915; East  Asians, 0.6577; Europeans, 0.4930; South Asian, 0.4090; and Americans, 0.4420. The MAFs of rs1800871 were as follows: global population, 0.4347; Africans, 0.4357; East Asians, 0.6756; Europeans, 0.2396; South Asian, 0.4580; and Americans, 0.3330 (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Minor allele frequencies of IL 10 rs1800896 (A) and rs1800871 (B) variants in various races.

Overall and Stratified Analyses.
As shown in Table 2, IL 10 rs1800896 or rs1800871 have a strength association with cancer susceptibility. In the pooled data, SNP rs1800896 is significantly associated with cancer risk. Individuals with G-allele had an 16% higher risk of developing cancer compared to those with the A- allele (95%CI = 1.03-1.29, P = 0.003, Figure 2(A)). When subgroup analysis was performed by cancer type, there was a 36.4% increase in bladder cancer risk for those carrying the A-allele in comparison to those carrying the G-allele (95%CI = 1.097-1.696, P = 0.005). An identical result was observed in homozygote contrast (95%CI = 1.126-3.547, P =0.018), heterozygote models (95%CI = 1.157- 3.548, P =0.014) and dominant models (95%CI = 1.193-3.516, P = 0.009). For prostate cancer, similar results were observed in the heterozygote model  (95%CI = 1.001-1.257,  P =0.048) and dominant model (95%CI =1.005-1.283, P = 0.042). In stratified analysis by ethnicity, Caucasion individuals with the A-allele had an 13.9% higher risk of developing cancer compared to those with the G-allele (95%CI = 1.024-1.267, P = 0.016).

Similar pattern of findings was observed in studies based on population, high quality studies and studies that used MassARRAY method. For the 1800871, individuals with C-allele had an 2% higher risk of cancer compared to those with the T- allele (95%CI = 0.95-1.10, P = 0.000, Figure 2(B)). In subgroup analysis by cancer type, a significant correlation with bladder cancer susceptibility were observed in the allelic (95%CI = 1.191-1.631, P = 0.000), homozygote models (95%CI = 1.282- 2.418, P = 0.000), heterozygote models (95%CI = 1.043-1.927, P = 0.026), dominant models (95%CI = 1.192-2.112, P = 0.002), and recessive models (95%CI = 1.166-1.816, P = 0.001). An identical result was observed in the Asian (allelic contrast, 95 %CI = 1.040-1.425, P = 0.014; homozygote model, 95 %CI = 1.027-1.79, P = 0.032; recessive model, 95% CI = 1.098-1.436, P = 0.001) and Caucasion (allelic contrast, 95 %CI = 1.018-1.252, P = 0.022; homozygote model, 95 %CI = 1.026- 1.717, P = 0.031). In addition, PCR, ARMS-PCR and low quality studies also yielded similar results.

Figure 2. Forest plot of ORs for the relationship between IL 10 variants rs1800896（A: Dominant model or rs1800871 B: Dominant model） and risk of cancer in stratification analysis by type of cancer.

In Silico and ELISA analysis of IL 10 expression
To investigate the expression of IL 10, we use computational tools to analyze the impact of sample types and the race of patients. According to Figure 3, the expression of IL 10 was increased in BLCA and PRAD, while it was decreased in KIRC. However, tthe differences in IL 10 expression among these three tumors were not statistically significant, as were the difference in OS and DFS. Moreover, we used an online database to evaluate the expression of IL 10 in in different genotype. As described in Figure 4, for the rs1800896 variant, IL 10 expression in individuals with CC genotypes was statistically higher than in those with TT+CC genotypes (Figure 4A, p =0.0049). For rs1800871, IL 10 expression was upregulated individuals with the GG genotype (Figure 4B, p =0.0142). The expression of IL 10 gene in different stages of bladder cancer and kidney cancer is shown in figure 5, with significant differences in IL 10 expression observed in different stages of bladder cancer and kidney cancer (figure 5A and 5B).

Figure 3. In silico analysis of IL 10 expression based on sample types. The expression of IL 10 in prostate cancer (PRAD) is described in (A). Effect of IL 10 level on PRAD patients’ DFS (disease free survival) is shown in (B) and OS (overall survival) is shown in (C). The expression of IL 10 in bladder cancer (BLCA) is shown in (D). Effect of IL 10 level on BLCA patients DFS is shown in (E) and OS is shown in (F). Expression in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) was shown in (G). Effect of IL 10 level on KIRC patients DFS is shown in (H) and OS is shown in (I).

Figure 4. Analysis of serum IL 10 levels in rs1800896 (A) and rs1800871 (B). For rs1800896 variant, IL 10 expression subjects with CC genotypes was statistically higher than in those with TT+CC genotypes (A). For rs1800871 polymorphism, the expression of IL 10 is upregulated in GG genotype (B).

Figure5. IL 10 expression in different stages of BLCA and KIRC cancers.

In addition, we explored the correlation between IL 10 and related immune cells and their related markers. As shown in Figure 6A, IL 10 was closely related to Purity, CD8 + T Cell, CD4 + T Cell, Macrophage, Neutrophil and Dendritic Cell (Figure 6A). In Macrophage M1 cells, IL 10 was related to NOS2 and PTGS2 (Figure 6B); In Macrophage M2 cells, IL 10 was closely related to MRC1 and MS4A4A ( Figure 6C).; In Neutrophil cells, FUT4 and ITGAM are significantly associated with IL 10  ( Figure 6D); and in dendritic cells, CD1C, ITGAX and THBD were significantly correlated with IL-10 ( Figure 6E). STRING analysis showed that at least 20 proteins were related to IL 10 gene expression (Figure 7 A), with the most relevant being IL 10RA, IL 6, TNF, IL 1B, CXCL8, CCL2, STAT3, CSF2, CCL5 and CD80 (Figure 7 B). Subsequently, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to further investigate functional enrichment using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Figure 8A displays the correlation map between the heat map and gene list. GSEA suggested that IL-10 was significantly enriched in the    Cytokine-Cytokine-receptor-interaction pathway (Figure 8B), JSK-STAT-signaling pathway (Figure 8C), Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway (Figure 8D) and Leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway (Figure 8E).

Figure 6 The correlation between IL 10 and related immune cells (A) and their related markers(B-E)

Figure 7. The relationship of IL 10 protein assessed by the STRING tools. At least 20 proteins can participate in the interaction with IL 10 (A). The most relevant are IL 10RA (Interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha), IL 6 (Interleukin-6), TNF (Tumor necrosis factor), IL 1B (Interleukin-1 beta), CXCL8 (Interleukin-8), CCL2(C-C motif chemokine 2), STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), CSF2 (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor),CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine 5) and CD80 (T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80) (B).

Figure 8. GSEA analysis of samples with high expression of IL 10. Heat map and gene list association profiles are described in (A). GSEA revealed that the Cytokine-Cytokine-receptor-interaction pathway (B), JSK-STAT-signaling pathway (C),Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway (D) and Leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway (E) were enriched in IL 10 high-expression group.

Sensitivity Analysis and Publication Bias.
In this study, a sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding each individual study to evaluate how it impacted the overall odds ratios (ORs). The significance of the ORs for the IL10 variants rs1800896 and rs1800871 (P< 0.05) was not significantly influenced by any individual study, as shown in Figures 9(A) and 9(B). Furthermore, the assessment of publication bias through the using of Beggs funnel plots revealed no substantial publication bias for any of the five genetic models of rs1800896 (Figure 9(C), P > 0.05) or rs1800871 variants (Figure 9(D), P > 0.05).

Figure 9:  Sensitivity analysis and Begg’s funnel plot of IL 10 variants. Sensitivity analysis of IL 10 variant rs1800896 (A) and rs1800871 (B) indicated that a single study could not influence the significance of ORs. Beggs funnel plot analysis of rs1800896 (C) and rs1800871 (D) polymorphisms under heterozygous comparison model revealed no evidence of publication bias.

Discussion
This study investigated the impact of two common promoter polymorphisms (-1082A>G and -819C>T) in the IL-10 gene on susceptibility to kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer. The results showed that the -1082 polymorphism of the IL-10 gene is significantly associated with bladder cancer risk in various models, including allele contrast (95%CI = 1.097-1.696, P = 0.005), homozygote model  (95%CI = 1.126-3.547, P = 0.018), heterozygote model (95%CI = 1.157-3.548, P = 0.014), and dominant model (95%CI = 1.193- 3.516, P = 0.009). Additionally, the -819 polymorphism  was  found  to  have  a  strong correlation with bladder cancer. However, no significant association has been found between the above two polymorphisms and kidney or prostate cancer.
IL-10 cytokine exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which may lead to immune escape of cancer cells, indicating a possible role in tumorigenesis. On the other hand, it also demonstrates anti-angiogenic characteristics and can reduce tumor growth and angiogenesis in animals and in vitro experiments14. The expression of IL-10 cytokine is further constrained by promoter polymorphisms (-1082A>G, -819C>T), and studies has been suggested that the presence of IL-10 - 1082G/-819T  haplotype  is  associated  with  a decrease in IL-10 levels15,16.
Some studies have attempted to explore the role of IL-10 gene polymorphisms, but a clear understanding of their mechanisms is still difficult to achieve. This can be attributed to the complex and multifactorial nature of cancer development, which is influenced by various factors including environmental and genetic factors. Isolating a single factor may not provide an accurate conclusion. In addition, the distribution of IL-10 gene polymorphism varies amongst different races and genders, making the analysis results more complex. Therefore, considering all these complex factors, study only IL-10 gene polymorphism may have limitations and affect the accuracy of the results.
In order to increase the relevance of our research, we incorporated two polymorphisms (- 1082A>G and -819C>T) in our investigation to study their relationship with kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers. Additionally, we conducted further studies on different dimensions such as race, experimental method, ethnicity, population characteristics, and study quality. By doing so, we aimed to consider as many controllable variables as possible and draw comprehensive conclusions. Our findings revealed that -1082A>G and -819C>T were particularly associated with bladder cancer. Specifically, in Caucasians and in high-quality, the relationship between -1082A>G and tumor risk is closer. In contrast, the association between -819C>T and tumor risk was observed in both Asians and Caucasians, although it was more pronounced in studies of low-quality studies.
Our meta-analysis has several advantages compared to previously published ones. Firstly, we included more studies (50 studies) and large sample sizes compared to others studies of the same type. Secondly, we included two types of polymorphisms (-1082A>G and -819C>T). Thirdly, there was no publication bias in our study. Lastly, we included a more comprehensive range of ethnicities. However, our study also has limitations. Firstly, we only included studies published in English. Secondly, we only considered the impact of genes on tumors, while tumor development is the result of complex multifactorial influences. For renal cancer, its pathological classification is complex and cannot be generalized, and tumors of different stages should also be distinguished.

Conclusion
To summarize, this research has compiled all trelevant information concerning the genetic correlation between IL-10 variants rs1800896 and rs1800871 and susceptibility to kidney, bladder and prostate cancers. The findings from our study suggest that the variations in rs1800896 and rs1800871 polymorphisms are linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer, especially among individuals of Caucasion. GSEA Cytokine-Cytokine- receptor-interaction pathway, JSK-STAT-signaling pathway, Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathway and Leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways were enriched in IL 10 high expression group.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Lifeng Zhang and Shenglin Gao conceived the study design. Lei Gao and Li Zhang were involved in the database searching. Xiaokai Shi and Shenglin Gao carried out the experiments and participated in the statistical analyses. Lei Gao and Lifeng Zhang wrote the draft manuscript. Li Zuo revised the manuscript and provided financial assistance. All authors agreed with the final edition of the manuscript.

FUNDING
The current study was granted by Jiangsu Province 333 High-level Talent Project. The 14th Five-Year Plan High-Level Health Talents Training Project (2022CZBJ057). Changzhou Sci&Tech Program (Grant number: CJ20220146) and Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Research Fundation (Grant number: 2021K588C). 
DATA ACCESSIBILITY
It is possible to obtain the raw data of this study from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST
The authors declared no competing interest.
ETHICS APPROVAL
The Ethics Committee of the Changzhou No.2 Peoples Hospital approved the present study (Approval number: [2020]KY223-01). Experiments with human participants were conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and we obtained informed consent from all patients.

References
1. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 71(3), 209-249.
2. Hsiao, J. R., Chang, C. C., Lee, W. T., Huang, C. C., Ou, C. Y., Tsai, S. T.,... & Chang, J. S. (2018). The interplay between oral microbiome, lifestyle factors and genetic polymorphisms in the  risk  of  oral  squamous   cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 39(6), 778-787.
3. Lorenzo-González, M., Fernández-Villar, A., & Ruano-Ravina, A. (2019). Disentangling tobacco-related lung cancer—genome-wide interaction study of smoking behavior and non- small cell lung cancer risk. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 11(1), 10.
4. Spits, H., & de Waal Malefyt, R. (1992). Functional characterization of human IL- 10. International archives of allergy and immunology, 99(1), 8-15.
5. Chow, M. T., Möller, A., & Smyth, M. J. (2012, February). Inflammation and immune surveillance in cancer. In Seminars in cancer biology (Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 23-32). Academic Press.
6. Liang, L., Zhao, Y. L., Yue, J., Liu, J. F., Han, M., Wang, H., & Xiao, H. (2011). Interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms and their protein production in pleural fluid in patients with tuberculosis. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 62(1), 84-90.
7. Li, M., Yue, C., Zuo, X., Jin, G., Wang, G., Guo, H.,... & Zhao, X. (2020). The effect of interleukin 10 polymorphisms on breast cancer susceptibility in Han women in Shaanxi Province. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232174.
8. Shih, C. M., Lee, Y. L., Chiou, H. L., Hsu, W. F., Chen, W. E., Chou, M. C., & Lin, L. Y. (2005). The involvement of genetic polymorphism of IL- 10 promoter in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer, 50(3), 291-297.
9. Kumar, S., Kumari, N., Mittal, R. D., Mohindra, S., & Ghoshal, U. C. (2015). Association between pro-(IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-
10) cytokine variants and their serum levels and H. pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis in northern India. Meta Gene, 6, 9-16.
10. Ahirwar, D., Mandhani, A., & Mittal, R. D. (2009). Interleukin-10 G-1082A and C-819T polymorphisms as possible molecular markers of urothelial bladder cancer. Archives of medical research, 40(2), 97-102.
11. Plantinga, T. S., Costantini, I., Heinhuis, B., Huijbers, A., Semango, G., Kusters, B.,... & Netea-Maier, R. T. (2013). A promoter polymorphism in human interleukin-32 modulates its expression and influences the risk and the outcome of epithelial cell–derived thyroid carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 34(7), 1529-1535.
12.    Howell, W. M., & Rose-Zerilli, M. J. (2006). Interleukin-10 polymorphisms, cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Familial cancer, 5, 143-149.
13. Zou, Y. F., Wang, F., Feng, X. L., Tian, Y. H., Tao, J. H., Pan, F. M., & Huang, F. (2011). Lack of association of IL-10 gene polymorphisms with prostate cancer: evidence from 11,581 subjects. European journal of cancer, 47(7), 1072-1079.
14. Faupel-Badger, J. M., Kidd, L. C. R., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J., Woodson, K., & Tangrea, J. A. (2008). Association of IL-10 polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk and grade of disease. Cancer Causes & Control, 19, 119- 124.
15. Eder, Tanja., Mayer, Ramona., Langsenlehner, Uwe., Renner, Wilfried., & Krippl, Peter.. (2006). Interleukin-10 [ATA] promoter haplotype and prostate cancer risk: a population-based study. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990), 43(3).
16. Turner, D., Williams, D. M., Sankaran, D., Lazarus, M., Sinnott, P. J., & Hutchinson, I. V. (1997). An investigation of polymorphism in the interleukin‐10 gene promoter. European journal of immunogenetics, 24(1), 1-8.
17. McCarron, S. L., Edwards, S., Evans, P. R., Gibbs, R., Dearnaley, D. P., Dowe, A.,... & Howell, W. M. (2002). Influence of cytokine gene polymorphisms on the development of prostate cancer. Cancer research, 62(12), 3369-3372.
18. BaşTÜrk, B., Yavaşçaoğlu, İ., Vuruşkan, H., Göral, G., Oktay, B., & Oral, H. B. (2005). Cytokine gene polymorphisms as potential risk and protective factors in renal cell carcinoma. Cytokine, 30(1), 41-45.
19. Havranek, E., Howell, W. M., Fussell, H. M., Whelan, J. A., Whelan, M. A., & Pandha, H. S. (2005). An interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism may influence tumor development in renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of urology, 173(3), 709-712.
20. Xu, J., Lowey, J., Wiklund, F., Sun, J., Lindmark, F.,  Hsu,  F.  C.,...  &  Gron̈  berg,  H.  (2005).  The interaction of four genes in the inflammation pathway significantly predicts prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 14(11), 2563-2568.
21. Michaud, D. S., Daugherty, S. E., Berndt, S. I., Platz, E. A., Yeager, M., Crawford, E. D.,... & Hayes, R. B. (2006). Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-1B (IL-1B), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer research, 66(8), 4525-4530.
22. Zabaleta, J., Lin, H. Y., Sierra, R. A., Hall, M. C., Clark, P. E., Sartor, O. A.,... & Ochoa, A. C. (2008). Interactions of cytokine gene polymorphisms    in    prostate    cancer risk. Carcinogenesis, 29(3), 573-578.
23. Cozar, J. M., Romero, J. M., Aptsiauri, N., Vazquez, F., Vilchez, J. R., Tallada, M.,... & Ruiz-Cabello, F. (2007). High incidence of CTLA-4 AA (CT60) polymorphism in renal cell cancer. Human immunology, 68(8), 698-704.
24. Faupel-Badger, J. M., Kidd, L. C. R., Albanes, D., Virtamo, J., Woodson, K., & Tangrea, J. A. (2008). Association of IL-10 polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk and grade of disease. Cancer Causes & Control, 19, 119- 124.
25. Ahirwar, D., Mandhani, A., & Mittal, R. D. (2009). Interleukin-10 G-1082A and C-819T polymorphisms as possible molecular markers of urothelial bladder cancer. Archives of medical research, 40(2), 97-102.
26. Kesarwani, P., Ahirwar, D. K., Mandhani, A., Singh, A. N., Dalela, D., Srivastava, A. N., & Mittal, R. D. (2009). IL-10− 1082 G> A: a risk for prostate cancer but may be protective against progression of prostate cancer in North Indian cohort. World journal of urology, 27, 389-396.
27. Omrani, M. D., Bazargani, S., & Bageri, M. (2008). Interlukin-10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α genes variation in prostate cancer  and  benign  prostatic hyperplasia. Current Urology, 2(4), 175-180.
28. VanCleave, T. T., Moore, J. H., Benford, M. L., Brock, G. N., Kalbfleisch, T., Baumgartner, R. N.,... & Kidd, L. C. R. (2010). Interaction among variant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor in relation to prostate cancer risk. The Prostate, 70(4), 341-352.
29. Wang, M. H., Helzlsouer, K. J., Smith, M. W., Hoffman‐Bolton, J. A., Clipp, S. L., Grinberg, V.,... & Platz, E. A. (2009). Association of IL10 and other immune response‐and obesity‐ related genes with prostate cancer in CLUE II. The Prostate, 69(8), 874-885.
30. Liu, J., Song, B., Bai, X., Liu, W., Li, Z., Wang, J.,... & Wang, Z. (2010). Association of genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 promoter with risk of prostate cancer in Chinese. BMC cancer, 10(1), 1-7.
31. Oh, S. S., Chang, S. C., Cai, L., Cordon‐Cardo, C., Ding, B. G., Greenland, S.,... & Zhang, Z. F. (2010). Single nucleotide polymorphisms of 8 inflammation‐related genes and their associations with smoking‐related cancers. International journal of cancer, 127(9), 2169-2182.
32. Niu WQ. (2011). Correlation analysis of IL-10 gene 1082A/G polymorphism with the development and progression of prostate cancer. International Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 32(1), 42-43.
33. Dluzniewski, P. J., Wang, M. H., Zheng, S. L., De Marzo, A. M., Drake, C. G., Fedor, H. L.,... & Platz, E. A. (2012). Variation in IL10 and Other Genes Involved in the Immune Response and in Oxidation and Prostate Cancer RecurrenceImmune Response, Oxidation Genes, Prostate Cancer Recurrence. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention, 21(10), 1774-1782.
34. Ianni, M., Porcellini, E., Carbone, I., Potenzoni, M., Pieri, A. M., Pastizzaro, C. D.,... & Licastro, F. (2013). Genetic factors regulating inflammation and DNA methylation associated with prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 16(1), 56-61.
35. Chen ZG, Zhou W, Dai MJ, Wu ZG, & Jin R. (2013). Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-10 gene  and  smoking   with   bladder cancer. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 34(2), 183-186.
36. Dwivedi, S., Goel, A., Khattri, S., Mandhani, A., Sharma, P., Misra, S., & Pant, K. K. (2015). Genetic variability at promoters of IL-18 (pro-) and IL-10 (anti-) inflammatory gene affects susceptibility and their circulating serum levels: an explorative study of prostate cancer patients    in    North    Indian populations. Cytokine, 74(1), 117-122.
37. Horvat, V., Mandić, S., Mrčela, M., & Galić, J. (2015). Association of IL-1β and IL-1 polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk and grade of disease in Eastern Croatian population. Collegium antropologicum, 39(2), 393-400.
38. Miles, F. L., Rao, J. Y., Eckhert, C., Chang, S. C., Pantuck, A., & Zhang, Z. F. (2015). Associations of immunity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms with overall survival among prostate cancer patients. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(7), 11470.
39. Winchester, D. A., Till, C., Goodman, P. J., Tangen, C. M., Santella, R. M., Johnson‐Pais, T. L.,... & Platz, E. A. (2015). Variation in genes involved in the immune response and prostate cancer risk in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. The Prostate, 75(13), 1403-1418.
40. Dwivedi, S., Singh, S., Goel, A., Khattri, S., Mandhani, A., Sharma, P.,... & Pant, K. K. (2015). Pro-(IL-18) and anti-(IL-10) inflammatory promoter genetic variants (intrinsic factors) with tobacco exposure (extrinsic factors) may influence susceptibility and severity of prostate carcinoma: a prospective study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(8), 3173-3181.
41. Chang, W. S., Liao, C. H., Tsai, C. W., Hu, P. S., Wu, H. C., Hsu, S. W.,... & Bau, D. T. (2016). The role of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms in renal    cell    carcinoma. Anticancer Research, 36(5), 2205-2209.
42. Bandil, K., Singhal, P., Dogra, A., Rawal, S. K., Doval, D. C., Varshney, A. K., & Bharadwaj, M. (2017). Association of SNPs/haplotypes in promoter of TNF A and IL-10 gene together with life style factors in prostate cancer progression in Indian population. Inflammation Research, 66, 1085-1097.
43. Winchester, D. A., Till, C., Goodman, P. J., Tangen, C. M., Santella, R. M., Johnson‐Pais, T. L.,... & Platz, E. A. (2017). Association between variants in genes involved in the immune response and prostate cancer risk in men randomized to the finasteride arm in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. The Prostate, 77(8), 908-919.
44. Abbas, M., Mason, T., Ibad, A., Khraiwesh, M., Apprey, V., Kanaan, Y.,... & Brim, H. (2020). Genetic polymorphisms in IL-10 promoter are associated with smoking and prostate cancer risk in African Americans. Anticancer research, 40(1), 27-34