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INTRODUCTION

In line with the advancement of civilization achieved by human being, disasters have continued to increase in the recent years. The recent disasters have been classified in two categories: (1) natural disasters -geophysical, meteorological, hydrological, climatological, and biological disasters, and (2) man made disasters - technological disasters and sociological disasters. COVID-19 as a biological disaster has developed as well as a sociological disaster. It did not only cause and spread the suffering of physical health, but it also has brought economic suffering to many people around the world. It has been contagious medically as well as economically around the world. COVID-19 has brought its own pressures and problems to various aspects of life, especially in the aspect of education in Indonesia3. Routine learning patterns that are centered traditionally through direct interaction between teachers and students in the class room have undergone a fundamental reshuffle into technology-based dispersed distance learning. Facing those fundamental changes and enormous pressures, resilience becomes a strategic resources which needed by all social systems—both individuals, groups, and organizations to get through the COVID-19 related economic crisis safely and effectively. Personal resilience as a dynamic process for positive adaptation involves systemic capacity to overcome various disturbances that threaten individual function, survival, and development. Educator as one of the 
influential actor in a society play an important role for students, parents, and also the wider community*. Thus the personal resilience of educators — e.g., teachers, lecturers, corporate trainers, and community facilitator, also influences the personal resilience of society at large9.

Previous empirical studies have found that COVID-19 causes an increased level of anxiety in students in Indonesia, especially in families infected with COVID-1910. The implementation of social distancing, remote learning from home, and disruption of the family economy have triggered an increase in mental health disorders for students in Indonesia43. Fast and integrated intervention from the govemment, as well as support from various parties such as the community, parents and educators were becoming available alternativei.. Based on those studies, this article tries to elaborate personal resilience of the educators - e.g., teachers, lecturers, corporate trainers and community facilitators and to examine the impact of health holistically on personal resilience. It is not only physical health, but also mental and financial health. A survey-based quantitative study was conducted to test the six developed hypotheses This analysis result are important for developing empirical based public policies in establishing personal resilience of educators which is related to physical, mental and emotional health.

Personal Resilience

A systematic literature reviewshas concluded that personal resilience may be views as: (1) individual characteristics or abilities, (2) interactive processes between individuals and their environment, and (3) collective capacities. This article views personal resilience as an individual ability or characteristic of an educator which through interaction with the students is expected to leverage collective capacities of community. Previous study conceptualized personal resilience into three dimensions, such as (1) ego resilience; (2) recalibration; and (3) interactions with the environmeneo. Meanwhile other study, personal resilience as individual abilities was defined by four dimension, such as (1) attitudes and perspectives, (2) balance and priorities, (3) efficient arrangements, and (4) supportive relationships. Based on the study, this article consider an educator has high score on personal resilience, when he or she can have a positive attitude towards the pandemic, able to maintain balance and priorities, arranging personal need efficiently, as well as providing social supportive relationship to the students. 

Physical Health

World Health Organization in opening its constitutional document explains globally that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health is not merely the condition of being free from various diseases, but even higher, namely the physical, mental and social well-being of a person. This definition is actually outdated, it is no longer suitable for use, let alone for the purpose of designing and evaluating a health system. Then, health is defined as an experience related to physical and psychological well-being. Poor health and good health are a continuum or gradation, not a dichotomy2°. The absence of disease or disability is not enough to produce excellent health conditions. Physical health is an important part of the aspect of human capital, where individuals can get the best benefits from production and consumption because they have physical health21. 

There are two types of self-reported outcomes that are usually used to determine physical health conditions, namely: by asking (1) whether a person has certain conditions or (2) whether a person has ever received a diagnosis of certain conditions from a health professional22. With regard to physical health, this article uses the first type of self-reported outcomes approach and develops the hypothesis whether physical health has a positive and significant effect on personal resilience. An empirical study conducted in Spain gave results that individuals who carry out vigorous physical activity during the period of independent isolation have better locus of control, self-efficacy, optimism, and inter-personal resilience than individuals who are in health risk conditions23. This indicates that activities and physical health have an influence on individual psychological conditions, including personal resilience. 
HI; Physical health has a significant effect on personal resilience

Mental Health

It is in line with or synonymous with psychological wellbeing. Mental health is very important for living a fulfilled, balanced, and meaningful life2526. Rather than living a problem-free life, a person with good mental health can bounce back from setbacks and still thrive despite facing many problemsn. WHO defines mental health as a state of well-being in which individuals realize that with their abilities, they can cope with lifes pressures, can work productively, and are able to make a meaningful contribution to their communityn. The latest survey conducted by the Indian Psychiatric Society shows a 20% increase in mental illness since the ocronavirus outbreak in Indian. Psychologists and mental health professionals argue that COVID-19 has also had an impact on the mental health of the global population with increasing cases of depression, suicide and self-harm, as well as other symptoms reported globally 2. In addition, mood swings and emotional outbursts such as panic, fear, avoidance and fear of meeting other people, fear of death, fear of exclusion, stigmatization, fear of not even getting essential items, food, etc., may have d4tinct effects on mental health.

This article defines mental health as a personal ability to control ones mentality thoughts, feelings and behavior - to be effective in dealing with lifes challenges and to put problems in proper perspective. This article defines mental health as a personal ability to control ones mentality - thoughts, feelings and behavior - to be effective in dealing with lifes challenges and to put problems in proper perspective. Positive Mental Health Scale is used to measure mental health which is broken down into four aspects, such as: well-being, life satisfaction, self-esteem and ability to deal with stress. PMHS is used because it has 12 indicators that are simple and easy to understand by respondents who are dominated by educators and reflect mental health conditions in a social context. Related to mental health, this article develops two hypotheses, namely whether mental health has a positive and significant effect on personal resilience as well as physical health.

Previous empirical studies have proven that mental health affects various aspects including physical health and personal resilience. An empirical study conducted on 1000 students at the University of Nisswa in Oman shows that there is a positive correlation between mental health and personal resiliences. Mother study used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging from 10.693 IX residents aged 50 years or older. The study found that there was a significant influence, both directly and indirectly, between past mental health and current physical health, as well as past physical health affecting present mental health. Based on the empirical findings above, this article develops two hypotheses, namely mental health affects personal resilience and also physical health21. H2: Mental health has a significant effect on personal resilience.

H3: Mental health has a significant effect on physical health

Financial Health 

Referring previous study, financial health is viewed as a personal ability to manage expenses, to minimize debt, to build wealth, and to handle financial difficulties effectivelyk In addition, financial health is also related to the ability to secure food and housing needs which are social determinants of physical and mental health% Several previous empirical studies have proven that financial health affects various aspects of individual or family life as well as physical-mental health or personal resilience. A study using longitudinal data from health insurance claims on 1209 employees in the United States explains that there is a temporal correlation between financial conditions (such as security, ability, and financial hardship) mental health and physical health in the following period. Financial security is positively correlated, while financial hardship is negatively correlated, with reported physical and mental healthy. Another empirical study of 296 youth and young families in Indonesia shows that family resilience is positively and significantly influenced by awareness of marriage laws, quality of parenting, and ability to manage family finances. Families who are better in terms of family financial management have better financial health so they are more resilient in dealing with the COVID-19 crisisk Based on the two previous studies, this article develops the hypothesis that financial health has a positive and significant effect on personal resilience, physical health, and also mental health. 114: Financial health has a significant effect on personal resilience Hs: Financial health has a significant effect on physical health H6: Financial health has a significant effect on mental health

METHODS 

This article is based on quantitative study with survey based approach. The study has involved participation of educators from several regional territories in Indonesia. Perceptual response data was collected from the targeted respondents through online questionnaires by using the Google Forms. Non-probabilistic sampling which were combining purposive and snowballing approach for sampling method. By distributing the digital questionnaire to targeted respondents and then getting a reference for the next respondents from the previous respondent is the most possible sampling approach. 
This study has involved successfully about 648 educator as the respondents. The respondents consist of teachers from various educational level (42%); lecturers from various state and private universities (41%), facilitators from various communities (12%), and corporate trainers from various companies (5%). Most of the respondents are women (58%). Their ages are less than 46 years old (68%). Most of them have bachelor and master degree as educational They were living in live in Surabaya or East background (67%). They have been working Java (67%), Jakarta and West Java (18%), and as educators for more than ten years (65%). outside of Java (15%).

Table 1. Profile of Respondents 

Based on the literature reviews in previous session, this article has developed conceptual framework or research model which consist of four constructs as variables. Personal resilience (P_RES) is as dependent or endogenous variable. Other three ones —physical health (PHY_H), mental health (MEN_H) and financial health (FIN_H) are as independent or exogenous variables. As the dependent variable, P_RES was measured by using an instrument with 10 indicators which are adapted from Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale or CD-RISC. As a construct, P_RES is described into two dimensions, such as resilience (TOUG, six indicators) and motivation (MOTV, four indicators). For assessing physical health, this article adopts Physical Health Questionnaires° as the instrument. The PHY_H variable is reflected as a personal physical condition which is free from at least four main illnesses or disorders — e.g., sleep disorders (SLE_D, four indicators), headaches (HED_A, three indicators), digestive problems (GAS_P, four indicators), and respiratory infections (RES_I, three indicators).

For capturing mental health as a variable, all of indicators from Positive Mental Health Scale was adapted the instrument. MEN_H that is conceptualized into for dimensions, such as: Welfare (WEL_B, four indicators), Life Satisfaction (UF_S, two indicators), Self-Esteem (SEL_E, two indicators), and Stress Management (COP_S, two indicators). Meanwhile for measuring financial health, list of indicators was adapted from the Klontz-Britt Financial Health Scale which is reflected in three dimensions, namely Global lndcators (GLO_I, five indicators), ability to avoid Financial Problems (MON_D, three indicators) and Risk Planning (RIS_P, four indicators). Overall the research model or conceptual framework is constructed by four variables, with 13 dimensions, and 47 indicators. Figure 1 illustrates the developed research model or conceptual framework.

There are two analyzes carried out in this study - descriptive analysis and causal analysis. Prior to carrying out the analysis, a validity and reliability analysis was carried out on all the measurement instruments. It means for ascertaining only valid and reliable indicators, dimensions, and variables were used for descriptive or causal analysis. Descriptive analysis was conducted to see how high or low the personal resilience, physical health, mental health, and financial health of educators in Westem Java (DKI Jaya, Banten, West Java, and Central Java), Eastern Java (Jawa Timur), Sumatra, Kalimantan, and other regions in Indonesia. Causal analysis was conducted to examine the significance of the impact of physical health, mental health and financial health on personal resilience. For causal analysis, this article test the six hypotheses statistically. In addition, a causal analysis was also carried out for each region using the multi group analysis.

RESULTS 

Table 2 displays the results of the validity and reliability analysis. Analysis of the validity of the indicators, using the Outer Loading (OL) score as a parameter. Indicators that have an OL of less than 0.60 are excluded from the research model because they are considered invalid. Meanwhile, the validity for dimensions and variables uses scores of average variance extracted (AVE) as a parameter. Table 2 shows that all variables and their dimensions have an AVE score of more than 0.50. This indicates that all variables and dimensions are valid.

For conducting reliability analysis, Cronbachs alpha (CA) or composite reliability (CR) are used as parameters. Table 2 shows that although not all dimensions and variables have CA score more than 0.70. But, all dimensions and variables have CR scores more than 0.70. It indicates that all dimensions or variables are reliable. Based on the results of the validity and reliability analysis, the developed research model is ready for further analysis as shown in Figure 3. 

Table 2: Results Of validity and Reliability Test

After analyzing the validity and reliability, the next analysis is carried out on the measurement model. Measurement model analysis was carried out to test whether between variables with all dimensions have a significant relationship. Table 3 explains that all variables have a significant influence on all dimensions.

Table 4 describes the results of the structural model analysis which can be used as a reference in hypothesis testing. A hypothesis is accepted if it shows a significant influence between one variable on another variable with a path coefficient that has a t-Statistics score more than 1.96 or a p-Value of less than 0.05. From six hypotheses was tested, two hypotheses were rejected, namely Hi and Ha. By rejecting the two hypotheses, it is known that physical health has no significant effect on personal resilience (H1) and mental health does not have a significant effect on physical health (I-b). While the other hypotheses - Hz Ho. Hs, and He are accepted. Mental health has a significant effect on personal resilience (H2). Financial health has a significant effect on personal resilience (H4), physical health (H5), and mental health (Hs).

Table 4: Result of Structural model Analysis

DISCUSSIONS

Based on the measurement and descriptive analysis of the four variables, namely personal resilience, physical health, mental health, and financial health, the results are shown in Table 6 and Figure 3. In Table 6, we can see that the personal resilience of educators throughout Indonesia is high. The same goes for physical health, mental health and financial health. Especially for mental health, educators in Sumatra have a very high degree of health. As for financial health, educators outside Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan have a moderate degree. 

Table 5: Descriptive Statistics

Figure 2 shows a comparison between region is the lowest of all regions when regions that educators from Sumatra have compared to educators in Java, Sumatra and higher scores for personal resilience, physical Kalimantan. health, mental health, and financial health than educators in Java (both West and East Java), Kalimantan, and other regions. Meanwhile, educators in Western Java had higher scores for personal resilience, physical health, mental health, and financial health than teachers in Eastern Java. Educators in Kalimantan have the lowest personal resilience of all regions. The financial and physical health of educators in the others.

Figure 2. Comparison amonp Regional Territories

From the results of the bootstrapping health affects mental health first, then mental analysis using SmartPLS, the results are as health affects personal resilience. shown in Figure 3. This figure explains well that the personal resilience of educators is positively and significantly influenced by mental health and financial health. Meanwhile, financial health is also influenced by financial health. Financial health has a direct or indirect effect on the personal resilience of educators. From the calculation of the impact of direct influence of 0.083 and the impact of indirect influence of 0.267 (= 0.533 x 0.500). Because the impact of indirect influence is greater than the impact of direct influence, it is understandable that mental health plays a mediator role in the relationship between financial health and personal resilience. This means that financial health affects mental health first, then mental health affects personal resilience.

Figure 3. Results of Bootstrappinp Analysis on the Research Model

Figure 4 explains that if the research model is tested by region, it will also show different patterns. For the Eastern Java region, the pattern is the same as the general conclusion. Meanwhile, in West Java, the pattern is similar to that in Kalimantan and other areas. Financial health only affects mental health. Mental health does not affect personal resilience or physical health. Meanwhile  in  Sumatra,  financial  health has
absolutely  no effect on personal resilience, physical health, or mental health. Personal resilience is solely influenced by mental health. From this multi-group analysis we can understand that mental health is truly the main cause of personal resilience and that mental health is heavily influenced by financial health.

Physical health as a moderator.

The results of this study found that physical health did not have a significant effect on personal resilience. Although previous studies have proven that there is an effect of physical health on personal resilience /13. Previous studies found that a decrease in symptoms of physical health disorders had an effect on personal resilience and an increase in personal resilience related to physical activity in people with psychosomatic 
disorders and controls43. This opens up the notion that physical health has a greater effect on personal resilience in patients suffering from physical ailments than in people who are in good health. It is as if the health condition of the individual acts as a moderator in the relationship between physical health and personal resilience.

Figure 4. Result of Multi Group Analysis by Regional Territories

Mental health as a mediator. This study found that mental health is a mediator of the effect of financial health on personal resilience. This is in line with previous study44. The study found that copinp strategies play a role as mediators of the positive emotional impact of personal resilience. In this study, copinp strategy is equated with stress management, which is a dimension of mental health. While positive emotions can also be equated with feeling proud of the current financial condition which is one indicator of financial health (F_HEL01).

The impact of financial health on personal resilience.

The results of this study strengthen previous empirical studies regarding the impact of financial health on physical health. The study found that financial distress factors have a significant influence on psychological  distress, especially those related to housing and job security*. High personal resilience is a significant protective factor against high psychological distress associated with financial problems. This indirectly indicates that financial health also influences personal resilience.

The impact of financial health on physical health. The results of this study also reinforce previous empirical studies regarding the impact of financial health on physical health, such as: (1) financial literacy as part of financial health has an impact on physical healths; (2) financial burden has a significant effect on health care related to sarcopenia or low muscle mass; (3) lower cardiovascular health in middle-aged women and men is affected by financial stress; and (4) financial crisis had an impact on oral health indicators in various countries. The impact of financial health on mental health. The results of this study also reinforce previous empirical studies regarding the effect of financial health on mental health: (1) financial satisfaction is the most influential factor on life satisfactions? (2) financial burden due to cancer treatment has a significant effect on quality of life where the quality of life component is well-being which is also a dimension of mental health, (3) financial pressure increased depressive symptoms in womens2, (4) financially exploited showed significantly greater symptoms of depression and anxietys3 and also had suicidal ideation. The results of this study reinforce the conclusion that financially healthy towards a healthy mentality also faces a crisis.

CONCLUSION 

The personal resilience of educators is sufficient in various regions in Indonesia and can be increased or maintained by improving and maintaining mental health as well as financial health. Mental health is a factor that influences personal resilience and financial health also has a direct and indirect effect on personal resilience. In some regions, such as Sumatra, the financial health of educators does not have a significant impact on mental health or personal resilience. Meanwhile in West Java, East Java, Kalimantan and other areas, financial health affects mental health. This article has limitations in terms of sampling method which is non-probabilistic and not proportional to the total population in the five existing regions. For further study, it is recommended to collaborate with govemmental institutions which are responsible to manage and support educators — teachers, lecturers, corporate trainers, and community facilitators.

Corresponding Author: Nopriadi Saputra Management Department, BINUS Business School Undergraduate Program, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: nopriacii.saputratObinus ac id
Funding Statement: The present study had no funding.

Acknowledgement None
Conflicts of Interest Statement The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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