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Background: People with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders (COD) who experience chronic homelessness often have difficulty engaging in treatment and support services. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic this problem was compounded by community agencies reducing or eliminating in-person care to minimize transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study examined the rapid adaptations that were made during COVID-19 to a community-based multicomponent intervention, Maintaining Independence and Sobriety Thorough Systems Integration, Outreach and Networking (MISSION), and how these changes impacted engagement in treatment and fidelity to the intervention prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: Guided by the Model for Adaptation Design and Impact (MADI) framework, this mixed-methods study (1) qualitatively examines the nature of the rapid adaptations made to the MISSION model with n=4 MISSION clinical program staff and (2) quantitatively examines patterns of engagement and fidelity to the MISSION model prior to and during the pandemic among n=109 people with COD who are experiencing chronic homelessness in an urban region of Massachusetts.

Results: In consultation with the MISSION developers, clinical staff made rapid innovative adaptations to MISSION. These changes, identified through the qualitative interviews, included developing safe in-person session procedures (e.g., shortening sessions, adapting group sessions to individual sessions) and strategies to engage incarcerated individuals to provide continuity of care (e.g., mailing letters and coordinating with jail staff). Despite the adaptations, adherence to the MISSION model remained consistent during COVID-19 and compared to pre-COVID-19. However, there was more adherence to the structured components of care compared to the unstructured components of care during the pandemic. Interestingly, linkages to other needed treatments and community supports increased by 522% despite the pandemic closures.

Conclusions: This mixed-methods study demonstrated that a community-based multicomponent intervention for people experiencing chronic homelessness with COD can be adapted rapidly during a pandemic to help maintain COD treatment and with good fidelity, and that the MADI framework can help document those changes. Thus, these findings provide treatment settings with helpful guidance for community-based COD interventions and public health emergency preparedness.