Psychological impact of false-positive results in breast cancer screening: the role of clinician-patient communication

A false-positive mammographic screening result can produce distress that does not resolve immediately once cancer has been ruled out. This narrative review examines its psychological and behavioral consequences and the role of communication during the diagnostic work-up. A structured PubMed search, run on September 6, 2026, was complemented by citation tracking and review of scientific society guidelines. Systematic reviews, observational studies, qualitative research, and intervention studies were integrated, distinguishing direct evidence in women with abnormal or false-positive results from evidence drawn from other populations. Findings are more consistent for breast-cancer-specific distress and worry than for general anxiety or depression. Some studies document consequences over several years; at 12-14 years, one cohort showed differences mainly in existential values, without a statistically significant difference in anxiety. The association with subsequent screening attendance varies across settings. Qualitative studies highlight uncertainty, clarity of explanations, and the opportunity to ask questions. Communication-based and organizational interventions show heterogeneous results: some show less fear or anxiety, while others assess comprehension, accessibility, or diagnostic timelines. Evidence on communicating artificial-intelligence results comes from a single study using hypothetical scenarios. Communication is a modifiable component of care after an abnormal result. Explaining uncertainty, ensuring an understandable follow-up plan, and offering accessible support are evidence-consistent practices, although their effect on persistent distress and future participation requires further evaluation. The goal should include informed decision-making and women's well-being, in addition to timely clinical follow-up.