Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Foreign Body-Associated Secondary Dilatation of The Common Bile Duct
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To explore the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-foreign body secondary choledochectasis.
Methods: The clinical data of 162 cases admitted from January 1994 to December 2021 were retrospectively studied.
Results: The causes and diagnosis of non-foreign body secondary dilatation were accurately identified by careful history, physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests into 10 categories: inflammation; sphincter of Oddi dysfunction; post gastric bariatric surgery; compression; compensation; Bile duct injury; duodenal disease; other factors.
Conclusion: The etiology of non-foreign body secondary choledochectasis is complex. Effective treatment should be selected according to different etiologies.
Keywords:
Non-foreign body-associated, dilatation, common bile duct, etiology, diagnosis, treatment
Article Details
How to Cite
LV, Yunfu et al.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Foreign Body-Associated Secondary Dilatation of The Common Bile Duct.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 5, june 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2765>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i5.2765.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Dowdy GS, Waldron GW, Brown WG. Surgical anatomy of the pancreato-biliary ductal system observations. Arch Surg, 1962, 84:229.2. Okada A, Hasegawa T, Oguchi Y, Nakamura T. Recent advances in pathophysiology and surgical treatment of congenital dilatation of the bile duct. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002; 9(3):342-51.
2. Yunfu Lv, Ning Liu, Hongfei Wu, Zhuori Li. Etiological classification and treatment strategies for secondary bile duct dilatation. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2021；246: 281-285.
3. Lv Yunfu, Dong Jiahong, Editor-in-Chief. Diagnostics and therapeutics of intra-extrahepatic cholangiectasis. Beijing， 1st Edition. Science Press, 2014, p1-11.
4. Benjamin M Y , Peter S L, Jorge A S, Carlos A Ca, Hero K H. MR imaging and CT of the biliary tract. Radiographics, 2009 Oct; 29(6):1669-88.
5. Hyodo T, Kumano S, Kushihata F, Okada M, HirataM, TsudaT, TakadaY, Mochizuki T, Murakami T. CT and MR cholangiography: advantages and pitfalls in perioperative evaluation of biliary tree.Br J Radiol, 2012; 85(1015):887-96.
6. Jong Jin Hyun , Richard A Kozarek. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: sphincter of Oddi dysfunction or discordance? What is the state of the art in 2018? Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2018; 34(5): 282-287.
7. Vanessa A Lewis , Sharon Z Adam, Paul Nikolaidis, Cecil Wood, James G Wu, Vahid Yaghmai, Frank H Miller. Imaging of choledochalcysts. Abdom Imaging, 2015; 40(6): 1567-80.
8. Han Ding , Pinghong Zhou, Meidong Xu , Weifeng Chen , Quanlin Li , Tao Chen , Mingyan Cai , Tianyin Chen, Jingjing Lian, Yiqun Zhang. Combining endoscopic ultrasound and tumor markers improves the diagnostic yield on the etiology of common bile duct dilation secondary to periampullary pathologies. Ann Transl Med, 2019; 7(14): 314.
9. F G Moody, R Calabuig, R Vecchio, N Runkel.Stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Surg Clin North Am, 1990; 70(6): 1341-54.
10. Ferenc Kovács, Tibor Gyökeres, Gábor Elek, Akos Pap. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction--prolonged medical therapy or early endoscopic sphincter ablation. Orv Hetil, 2002; 143(51): 2829-34.
11. Lester J Layfield, Harvey Cramer. Primary sclerosing cholangitis as a cause of false positive bile duct brushing cytology: report of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol, 2005; 32(2): 119-24.
12. K D Lillemoe, H A Pitt, J L Cameron. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Surg Clin North Am, 1990; 70(6): 1381-402.
13. Kirsten Boonstra, Cyriel I J Ponsioen, Erik A J Rauws, Ulrich Beuers. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2010; 154: A1476-79.
14. Elham Afghani, Simon K Lo, Paul S Covington, Brooks D Cash, Stephen J Pandol.. Sphincter of Oddi Function and Risk Factors for Dysfunction. Front Nutr, 2017; 30 (4):1-3.
15. Jia-Qing Gong, Jian-Dong Ren, Fu-Zhou Tian, Rui Jiang, Li-Jun Tang, Yong Pang. Management of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction based on a new classification. World J Gastroenterol, 2011; 17(3): 385-90.
16. Jia-Qing Gong, Jian-Dong Ren, Fu-Zhou Tian, Rui Jiang, Li-Jun Tang, Yong Pang. Management of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction based on a new classification. World J Gastroenterol, 2011; 17(3): 385-90.
17. T Wehrmann, B Lembcke, M Jung. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in suspected Oddi's sphincter dysfunction. Z Gastroenterol, 1994; 32(12): 694-701.
18. Jeffrey D Linder, Wilma Geels, C Mel Wilcox. Prevalence of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: can results from specialized centers be generalized? Dig Dis Sci, 2002; 47(11):2411-5.
19. D Eversman, E L Fogel, M Rusche, S Sherman, G A Lehman. Frequency of abnormal pancreatic and biliary sphincter manometry compared with clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc, 1999; 50(5): 637-41.
20. Neal Mehta, Andrew T Strong, Tyler Stevens, Kevin El-Hayek, Alfred Nelson, Adeyinka Owoyele, Ahmed Eltelbany, Prabhleen Chahal, Maged Rizk, Carol A Burke, John McMichael, Rocio Lopez, Joseph Veniero, John Vargo, Matthew Kroh, Amit Bhatt. Common bile duct dilation after bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc, 2019; 33(8): 2531-2538.
21. Patrick B Schwartz, Jeffrey J Easler, William P Lancaster, Michael G House, Nicholas J Zyromski, C Max Schmidt, Attila Nakeeb, Eugene P Ceppa. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction After Gastric Bypass: Surgical or Endoscopic Therapy? J Surg Res, 2019; 238:41-47.
22. Lv Yun-Fu, Zhang Xin-Xin, Zhao Ge and Zhu Qing-Hua. Gastroduodenal ulcer treated by pylorus and pylorc vagus-preserving gastrectomy. World Journal of Gastroenterolog, 1999,5(2): 156-159.
23. Naveen Krishna, Pavan Tummala, Amith V Reddy, Mohit Mehra, Banke Agarwal. Dilation of both pancreatic duct and the common bile duct on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with or without obstructive jaundice. Pancreas, 2012; 41(5): 767-72.
24. Mafalda Sousa, Sónia Fernandes, Luísa Proença, Carlos Fernandes, João Silva, Ana Catarina Gomes, Edgar Afecto, João Carvalho 6. Diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasonography for dilation of common bile duct of indeterminate cause. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2019; 111(10): 757-759.
25. Repiso A, Gómez-Rodríguez R, García-Vela A, Pérez-Grueso MJ, Martín R, Romero M, Carrobles JM. Endosonographic examination of the common bile duct in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2008; 100(6): 337-42.
26.Sakai Y, Tsuyuguchi T, Ishihara T, Yukisawa S, Sugiyama H, Miyakawa K, Kuroda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ozawa S, Yokosuka O. Long-term prognosis of patients with endoscopically treated postoperative bile duct strictureand bile ductstricture due to chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009; 24(7): 1191-7.
27. Yunfu Lv, Xiaoguan Gong, Xiaoyu Han, Shunwu Chang, Ning Liu Baochun Wang. Pathologinco-anatomic Categories of Choledochal Eed-piece Stenosis Due to Chronic Pancreatitis and Clinical Significance. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 2013, 3(4): 227-235.
28. Lu YF, Zhang XX and Dong YH. Chronic pancreatitis-induced compressed relative stenosis of the distal common bile duct. HBPD Int, 2006, 5(1): 119-122.
29. Nevzat Ozcan, Guven Kahriman, Ertugrul Mavili. Percutaneous transhepatic removal of bile duct stones: results of 261 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2012; 35(4): 890-7.
30. Enrico Maria Zardi, Vincenzo Malafarina, Giovanni Ambrosino, Valentina Uwechie, Massimo Rollo, Antonio Picardi, Antonella Afeltra, Franco Lumachi. An unusual post-traumatic case of extrahepatic bile duct compression. Mt Sinai J Med, 2006; 73(8): 1093-4.
31. J Horiguchi, S Ohwada, Y Tanahashi, T Sawada, T Ikeya, T Ogawa, S Aiba, H Shiozaki, T Yokoe, Y Iino, Y Morishita.Traumatic biliary stricture successfully treated by percutaneous transhepatic bile duct dilatation: a case report.Hepatogastroenterology,1998;45(24): 2038-41.
32. K D Lillemoe, H A Pitt, J L Cameron.Current management of benign bile duct strictures. Adv Surg, 1992; 25: 119-74.
33. Takehiro Okabayashi, Yasuo Shima, Tatsuaki Sumiyoshi, Kenta Sui, Jun Iwata 3, Sojiro Morita, Tatsuo Iiyama, Yasuhiro Shimada. Incidence and Risk Factors of Cholangitis after Hepaticojejunostomy. J Gastrointest Surg, 2018; 22(4): 676-683.
34. Zhijun Wang, Maoqiang Wang, Feng Duan, Peng Song, Fengyong Liu. Bile Duct Injury after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization: Risk Factors and Clinical Implications. Hepatogastroenterology, 2014; 61(132): 947-53.
35. Shiro Miyayama, Masashi Yamashiro, Miho Okuda, Yuichi Yoshie, Yoshiko Nakashima, Hiroshi Ikeno, Nobuaki Orito, Kazuo Notsumata, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Daisyu Toya, Nobuyoshi Tanaka, Osamu Matsui. Main bile duct stricture occurring after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2010; 33(6): 1168-79.
36.C Satoshi Kobayashi, Kazuto Kozaka, Toshifumi Gabata, Osamu Matsui, Wataru Koda, Miho Okuda, Kenichiro Okumura, Takumi Sugiura, Takahiro Ogi..Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings of Bile Duct Necrosis: A Rare but Serious Complication of Transarterial Therapy for Liver Tumors. ncers (Basel), 2020; 12(9): 2596-601.
37. Nevzat Ozcan, Guven Kahriman, Ertugrul Mavili. Percutaneous transhepatic removal of bile duct stones: results of 261 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2012; 35(4): 890-7.
38. Yen-Chun Peng, Wai-Keung Chow. Ectopic papilla of Vater in duodenum bulb: A hospital-based study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019; 98(8): e14642-46.
39.Ulku Saritas 1, Altug Senol, Yucel Ustundag. The clinical presentations of ectopic biliary drainage into duodenal bulbus and stomach with a thorough review of the current literature. BMC Gastroenterol, 2010; 10:2-8.
40. Sang Soo Lee, Myung-Hwan Kim, Sung-Koo Lee, Kyu-Pyo Kim, Hong Ja Kim, Jong Seok Bae, Hyun Jun Kim, Dong Wan Seo, Hyun Kwon Ha, Jae Seon Kim, Chang Duk Kim, Jun Pyo Chung, Young Il Min. Ectopic opening of the common bile duct in the duodenal bulb: clinical implications. Gastrointest Endosc, 003; 57(6): 679-82.
41. Adnan Taş, Banu Kara, Sehmuz Ölmez, Mehmet Suat Yalçın, Nevin Akçaer Öztürk, Bunyamin Saritas. Retrospective analysis of cases with an ectopic opening of the common bile duct into duodenal bulb. Adv Clin Exp Med, 2018; 27(10): 1361-1364.
42. Mafalda Sousa, Luísa Proença, João Carlos Silva, Ana Catarina Ribeiro Gomes 1, Edgar Afeto 1, João Carvalho 1. Duodenal Crohn's Disease Complicated by Pancreatitis and Common Bile Duct Obstruction. GE Port J Gastroenterol, 2020; 27(1): 33-36.
43. Tatiana Bihun, Yanet Diaz, Seth Wenig. Granulomatous Pancreas: A Case Report of Pancreatic Sarcoid. Gastrointest Med, 2017: 16(2)0392-97.
44. Eckhauser FE, J A Knol, W E Strodel, S Achem, T Nostrant. Common bile duct strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg, 1983; 49⑺: 350-8.
45. Tanaka M, Ikeda S, Matsumoto S, Yoshimoto H, Nakayama F. Manometric diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi spasm as a cause of postcholecystectomy pain and the treatment by endoscopic sphincterotomy. Ann Surg,1985; 202(6): 712-9.
46. E Corazziari. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dig Liver Dis, 2003; 35 (3): S26-9.
47. T Liwinski, C Schramm. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Current diagnostics and treatment. Internist (Berl), 2018; 59(6): 551-559.
48. Boudewijn De Vries, Rinse K Weersma. Endoscopic assessment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 2016; 62(1): 49-62.
49. Md Habban Akhter, Md Rizwanullah, Javed Ahmad, Mohamed Jawed Ahsan, Md Ali Mujtaba, Saima Amin. Nanocarriers in advanced drug targeting: setting novel paradigm in cancer therapeutics. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 2018; 46(5): 873-884.
50. Sheng-Nan Jia, Fu-Xing Wen, Ting-Ting Gong, Xin Li, Hui-Jie Wang, Ya-Min Sun, Ze-Cheng Yang. A review on the efficacy and safety of iodine-125 seed implantation in unresectable pancreatic cancers. Int J Radiat Biol, 2020; 96(3): 383-389.
2. Yunfu Lv, Ning Liu, Hongfei Wu, Zhuori Li. Etiological classification and treatment strategies for secondary bile duct dilatation. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2021；246: 281-285.
3. Lv Yunfu, Dong Jiahong, Editor-in-Chief. Diagnostics and therapeutics of intra-extrahepatic cholangiectasis. Beijing， 1st Edition. Science Press, 2014, p1-11.
4. Benjamin M Y , Peter S L, Jorge A S, Carlos A Ca, Hero K H. MR imaging and CT of the biliary tract. Radiographics, 2009 Oct; 29(6):1669-88.
5. Hyodo T, Kumano S, Kushihata F, Okada M, HirataM, TsudaT, TakadaY, Mochizuki T, Murakami T. CT and MR cholangiography: advantages and pitfalls in perioperative evaluation of biliary tree.Br J Radiol, 2012; 85(1015):887-96.
6. Jong Jin Hyun , Richard A Kozarek. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: sphincter of Oddi dysfunction or discordance? What is the state of the art in 2018? Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2018; 34(5): 282-287.
7. Vanessa A Lewis , Sharon Z Adam, Paul Nikolaidis, Cecil Wood, James G Wu, Vahid Yaghmai, Frank H Miller. Imaging of choledochalcysts. Abdom Imaging, 2015; 40(6): 1567-80.
8. Han Ding , Pinghong Zhou, Meidong Xu , Weifeng Chen , Quanlin Li , Tao Chen , Mingyan Cai , Tianyin Chen, Jingjing Lian, Yiqun Zhang. Combining endoscopic ultrasound and tumor markers improves the diagnostic yield on the etiology of common bile duct dilation secondary to periampullary pathologies. Ann Transl Med, 2019; 7(14): 314.
9. F G Moody, R Calabuig, R Vecchio, N Runkel.Stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Surg Clin North Am, 1990; 70(6): 1341-54.
10. Ferenc Kovács, Tibor Gyökeres, Gábor Elek, Akos Pap. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction--prolonged medical therapy or early endoscopic sphincter ablation. Orv Hetil, 2002; 143(51): 2829-34.
11. Lester J Layfield, Harvey Cramer. Primary sclerosing cholangitis as a cause of false positive bile duct brushing cytology: report of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol, 2005; 32(2): 119-24.
12. K D Lillemoe, H A Pitt, J L Cameron. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Surg Clin North Am, 1990; 70(6): 1381-402.
13. Kirsten Boonstra, Cyriel I J Ponsioen, Erik A J Rauws, Ulrich Beuers. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2010; 154: A1476-79.
14. Elham Afghani, Simon K Lo, Paul S Covington, Brooks D Cash, Stephen J Pandol.. Sphincter of Oddi Function and Risk Factors for Dysfunction. Front Nutr, 2017; 30 (4):1-3.
15. Jia-Qing Gong, Jian-Dong Ren, Fu-Zhou Tian, Rui Jiang, Li-Jun Tang, Yong Pang. Management of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction based on a new classification. World J Gastroenterol, 2011; 17(3): 385-90.
16. Jia-Qing Gong, Jian-Dong Ren, Fu-Zhou Tian, Rui Jiang, Li-Jun Tang, Yong Pang. Management of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction based on a new classification. World J Gastroenterol, 2011; 17(3): 385-90.
17. T Wehrmann, B Lembcke, M Jung. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in suspected Oddi's sphincter dysfunction. Z Gastroenterol, 1994; 32(12): 694-701.
18. Jeffrey D Linder, Wilma Geels, C Mel Wilcox. Prevalence of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: can results from specialized centers be generalized? Dig Dis Sci, 2002; 47(11):2411-5.
19. D Eversman, E L Fogel, M Rusche, S Sherman, G A Lehman. Frequency of abnormal pancreatic and biliary sphincter manometry compared with clinical suspicion of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastrointest Endosc, 1999; 50(5): 637-41.
20. Neal Mehta, Andrew T Strong, Tyler Stevens, Kevin El-Hayek, Alfred Nelson, Adeyinka Owoyele, Ahmed Eltelbany, Prabhleen Chahal, Maged Rizk, Carol A Burke, John McMichael, Rocio Lopez, Joseph Veniero, John Vargo, Matthew Kroh, Amit Bhatt. Common bile duct dilation after bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc, 2019; 33(8): 2531-2538.
21. Patrick B Schwartz, Jeffrey J Easler, William P Lancaster, Michael G House, Nicholas J Zyromski, C Max Schmidt, Attila Nakeeb, Eugene P Ceppa. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction After Gastric Bypass: Surgical or Endoscopic Therapy? J Surg Res, 2019; 238:41-47.
22. Lv Yun-Fu, Zhang Xin-Xin, Zhao Ge and Zhu Qing-Hua. Gastroduodenal ulcer treated by pylorus and pylorc vagus-preserving gastrectomy. World Journal of Gastroenterolog, 1999,5(2): 156-159.
23. Naveen Krishna, Pavan Tummala, Amith V Reddy, Mohit Mehra, Banke Agarwal. Dilation of both pancreatic duct and the common bile duct on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with or without obstructive jaundice. Pancreas, 2012; 41(5): 767-72.
24. Mafalda Sousa, Sónia Fernandes, Luísa Proença, Carlos Fernandes, João Silva, Ana Catarina Gomes, Edgar Afecto, João Carvalho 6. Diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasonography for dilation of common bile duct of indeterminate cause. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2019; 111(10): 757-759.
25. Repiso A, Gómez-Rodríguez R, García-Vela A, Pérez-Grueso MJ, Martín R, Romero M, Carrobles JM. Endosonographic examination of the common bile duct in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2008; 100(6): 337-42.
26.Sakai Y, Tsuyuguchi T, Ishihara T, Yukisawa S, Sugiyama H, Miyakawa K, Kuroda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ozawa S, Yokosuka O. Long-term prognosis of patients with endoscopically treated postoperative bile duct strictureand bile ductstricture due to chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009; 24(7): 1191-7.
27. Yunfu Lv, Xiaoguan Gong, Xiaoyu Han, Shunwu Chang, Ning Liu Baochun Wang. Pathologinco-anatomic Categories of Choledochal Eed-piece Stenosis Due to Chronic Pancreatitis and Clinical Significance. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 2013, 3(4): 227-235.
28. Lu YF, Zhang XX and Dong YH. Chronic pancreatitis-induced compressed relative stenosis of the distal common bile duct. HBPD Int, 2006, 5(1): 119-122.
29. Nevzat Ozcan, Guven Kahriman, Ertugrul Mavili. Percutaneous transhepatic removal of bile duct stones: results of 261 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2012; 35(4): 890-7.
30. Enrico Maria Zardi, Vincenzo Malafarina, Giovanni Ambrosino, Valentina Uwechie, Massimo Rollo, Antonio Picardi, Antonella Afeltra, Franco Lumachi. An unusual post-traumatic case of extrahepatic bile duct compression. Mt Sinai J Med, 2006; 73(8): 1093-4.
31. J Horiguchi, S Ohwada, Y Tanahashi, T Sawada, T Ikeya, T Ogawa, S Aiba, H Shiozaki, T Yokoe, Y Iino, Y Morishita.Traumatic biliary stricture successfully treated by percutaneous transhepatic bile duct dilatation: a case report.Hepatogastroenterology,1998;45(24): 2038-41.
32. K D Lillemoe, H A Pitt, J L Cameron.Current management of benign bile duct strictures. Adv Surg, 1992; 25: 119-74.
33. Takehiro Okabayashi, Yasuo Shima, Tatsuaki Sumiyoshi, Kenta Sui, Jun Iwata 3, Sojiro Morita, Tatsuo Iiyama, Yasuhiro Shimada. Incidence and Risk Factors of Cholangitis after Hepaticojejunostomy. J Gastrointest Surg, 2018; 22(4): 676-683.
34. Zhijun Wang, Maoqiang Wang, Feng Duan, Peng Song, Fengyong Liu. Bile Duct Injury after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization: Risk Factors and Clinical Implications. Hepatogastroenterology, 2014; 61(132): 947-53.
35. Shiro Miyayama, Masashi Yamashiro, Miho Okuda, Yuichi Yoshie, Yoshiko Nakashima, Hiroshi Ikeno, Nobuaki Orito, Kazuo Notsumata, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Daisyu Toya, Nobuyoshi Tanaka, Osamu Matsui. Main bile duct stricture occurring after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2010; 33(6): 1168-79.
36.C Satoshi Kobayashi, Kazuto Kozaka, Toshifumi Gabata, Osamu Matsui, Wataru Koda, Miho Okuda, Kenichiro Okumura, Takumi Sugiura, Takahiro Ogi..Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings of Bile Duct Necrosis: A Rare but Serious Complication of Transarterial Therapy for Liver Tumors. ncers (Basel), 2020; 12(9): 2596-601.
37. Nevzat Ozcan, Guven Kahriman, Ertugrul Mavili. Percutaneous transhepatic removal of bile duct stones: results of 261 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2012; 35(4): 890-7.
38. Yen-Chun Peng, Wai-Keung Chow. Ectopic papilla of Vater in duodenum bulb: A hospital-based study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019; 98(8): e14642-46.
39.Ulku Saritas 1, Altug Senol, Yucel Ustundag. The clinical presentations of ectopic biliary drainage into duodenal bulbus and stomach with a thorough review of the current literature. BMC Gastroenterol, 2010; 10:2-8.
40. Sang Soo Lee, Myung-Hwan Kim, Sung-Koo Lee, Kyu-Pyo Kim, Hong Ja Kim, Jong Seok Bae, Hyun Jun Kim, Dong Wan Seo, Hyun Kwon Ha, Jae Seon Kim, Chang Duk Kim, Jun Pyo Chung, Young Il Min. Ectopic opening of the common bile duct in the duodenal bulb: clinical implications. Gastrointest Endosc, 003; 57(6): 679-82.
41. Adnan Taş, Banu Kara, Sehmuz Ölmez, Mehmet Suat Yalçın, Nevin Akçaer Öztürk, Bunyamin Saritas. Retrospective analysis of cases with an ectopic opening of the common bile duct into duodenal bulb. Adv Clin Exp Med, 2018; 27(10): 1361-1364.
42. Mafalda Sousa, Luísa Proença, João Carlos Silva, Ana Catarina Ribeiro Gomes 1, Edgar Afeto 1, João Carvalho 1. Duodenal Crohn's Disease Complicated by Pancreatitis and Common Bile Duct Obstruction. GE Port J Gastroenterol, 2020; 27(1): 33-36.
43. Tatiana Bihun, Yanet Diaz, Seth Wenig. Granulomatous Pancreas: A Case Report of Pancreatic Sarcoid. Gastrointest Med, 2017: 16(2)0392-97.
44. Eckhauser FE, J A Knol, W E Strodel, S Achem, T Nostrant. Common bile duct strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg, 1983; 49⑺: 350-8.
45. Tanaka M, Ikeda S, Matsumoto S, Yoshimoto H, Nakayama F. Manometric diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi spasm as a cause of postcholecystectomy pain and the treatment by endoscopic sphincterotomy. Ann Surg,1985; 202(6): 712-9.
46. E Corazziari. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dig Liver Dis, 2003; 35 (3): S26-9.
47. T Liwinski, C Schramm. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Current diagnostics and treatment. Internist (Berl), 2018; 59(6): 551-559.
48. Boudewijn De Vries, Rinse K Weersma. Endoscopic assessment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 2016; 62(1): 49-62.
49. Md Habban Akhter, Md Rizwanullah, Javed Ahmad, Mohamed Jawed Ahsan, Md Ali Mujtaba, Saima Amin. Nanocarriers in advanced drug targeting: setting novel paradigm in cancer therapeutics. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 2018; 46(5): 873-884.
50. Sheng-Nan Jia, Fu-Xing Wen, Ting-Ting Gong, Xin Li, Hui-Jie Wang, Ya-Min Sun, Ze-Cheng Yang. A review on the efficacy and safety of iodine-125 seed implantation in unresectable pancreatic cancers. Int J Radiat Biol, 2020; 96(3): 383-389.