LOCALLY ADVANCED ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: STATE OF THE ART
Main Article Content
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an important cause of death worldwide, with an increasing incidence in adenocarcinoma subtype in western countries. Although complete surgical resection remains the cornerstone of the treatment for resectable disease, long-term results are poor. Multimodal therapy improves survival, nevertheless the optimal therapeutic approach remains controversial. In this review, we will discuss the treatment of localized esophageal cancer, the evidence of the different multimodal approaches and finally we will propose a treatment algorithm.
Article Details
How to Cite
ASENSIO MARTINEZ, ELENA et al.
LOCALLY ADVANCED ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: STATE OF THE ART.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 4, apr. 2017.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1183>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
Keywords
esophageal cancer, esophago-gastric junction, chemotherapy, radiation.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
REFERENCES
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2. Ashraf N, Hoffe S, Kim R. Locally advanced gastroesophageal junction tumor: a treatment dilemma. Oncologist. 2015 Feb;20(2):134-42. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0377.
3. Rustgi A, El-Serag HB. Esophageal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 9;372(15):1472-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1500692
4. Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet. 2013 Feb 2;381(9864):400-12. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6.
5. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature. 2017 Jan 12;541(7636):169-175. doi: 10.1038/nature20805
6. Rice TW, Kelsen DP, Blackstone EH, et al. Esophagus and esophagogastric junction. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017:185–202.
7. Reed CE. Surgical management of esophageal carcinoma. Oncologist. 1999;4(2):95–105
8. Garg PK, Sharma J, Jakhetiya A, Goel A, Gaur MK. Preoperative therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct 21;22(39):8750-8759.
9. Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, Sheahan DG, Gunderson L, Mortimer J,et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 31;339(27):1979-84.
10. Kelsen DP, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, Mortimer J, Estes NC, Haller DG,et al; Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.; USA Intergroup. Long-term results of RTOG trial 8911 (USA Intergroup 113): a random assignment trial comparison of chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 20;25(24):3719-25.
11. Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party: Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359: 727-1733, 2002
12. Allum WH, Stenning SP, Bancewicz J, Clark PI, Langley RE. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 20;27(30):5062-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.2083.
13. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, Nicolson M, Scarffe JH, Lofts FJ, Falk SJ, Iveson TJ, Smith DB, Langley RE, Verma M, Weeden S, Chua YJ, MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 6;355(1):11-20.
14. Ychou M, Boige V, Pignon JP, Conroy T, Bouché O, Lebreton G,et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 1;29(13):1715-21. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.0597.
15. Kidane B, Coughlin S, Vogt K, Malthaner R. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic esophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 19;(5):CD001556. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001556.pub3.
16. Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Zalcberg JR, SimesRJ, Barbour A, Gebski V; Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Jul;12(7):681-92. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70142-5.
17. van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, et al; CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 31;366(22):2074-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.
18. Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJ, Hulshof MC, van Hagen P, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, van Laarhoven HW, et al; CROSS study group. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep;16(9):1090-8. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00040-6.
19. Mariette C, Dahan L, Mornex F, Maillard E, Thomas PA, Meunier B, et alF. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for stage I and II esophageal cancer: final analysis of randomized controlled phase III trial FFCD 9901. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Aug 10;32(23):2416-22. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.53.6532.
20. Burmeister BH, Thomas JM, Burmeister EA et al. Is concurrent radiation therapy required in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus? A randomized phase II trial. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 354–360.
21. Stahl M, Walz MK, Stuschke M, Lehmann N, Meyer HJ, Riera-Knorrenschild J, et al. Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advancedadenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):851-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.0506.
22. Klevebro F, Alexandersson von Döbeln G, Wang N, Johnsen G, Jacobsen AB, Friesland S, et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol. 2016 Apr;27(4):660-7. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw010.
23. Markar SR, Noordman BJ, Mackenzie H, Findlay JM, Boshier PR, Ni M, et al. Multimodality treatment for esophageal adenocaricnoma: multi-center propensity-score matched study. Ann Oncol. 2016 Oct 25. pii: mdw560. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw560.
24. Reynolds JV. Randomised clinical trial of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (MAGIC Regimen) vs. neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CROSS protocol) in adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophago-gastric junction. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01726452
25. Goodman KA, Niedzwiecki D, Hall N, Bekaii-SaabTS, Ye X, Meyers MO, et al. Initial results of CALGB 80803 (Alliance): A randomized phase II trial of PET scan-directed combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol 35, 2017 (suppl 4S; abstract 1)
26. Kelly RJ, Lockhart AC, Jonker DJ, Melichar B, Andre T, Chau I, et al. CheckMate 577: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study of nivolumab (Nivo) or placebo in patients (Pts) with resected lower esophageal (E) or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. J Clin Oncol 35, 2017 (suppl 4S; abstract TPS212)
27. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson JA Jr, Al-Sarraf M, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1623-7.
28. Minsky BD, Neuberg D, Kelsen D, et al: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy and high dose radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: A preliminary analysis of the phase II intergroup trial 0122. J Clin Oncol 14:149-155, 1996
29. Minsky BD, Neuberg D, Kelsen DP, et al: Final report of intergroup trial 0122 (ECOG PE-289, RTOG 90-12): Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy and highdose radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43:517-523, 1999
30. Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ, Pisansky TM, Martenson J, Komaki R, et al. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy.J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 1;20(5):1167-74.
31. Conroy T, Galais MP, Raoul JL, Bouché O, Gourgou-Bourgade S, Douillard JY, et al. Definitive chemoradiotherapy with FOLFOX versus fluorouracil and cisplatin in patients with oesophageal cancer (PRODIGE5/ACCORD17): final results of a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Mar;15(3):305-14. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70028-2.
32. Bedenne L, Michel P, Bouché O, Milan C, Mariette C, Conroy T, et al. Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 1;25(10):1160-8.
1. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65:87.
2. Ashraf N, Hoffe S, Kim R. Locally advanced gastroesophageal junction tumor: a treatment dilemma. Oncologist. 2015 Feb;20(2):134-42. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0377.
3. Rustgi A, El-Serag HB. Esophageal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 9;372(15):1472-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1500692
4. Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet. 2013 Feb 2;381(9864):400-12. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6.
5. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature. 2017 Jan 12;541(7636):169-175. doi: 10.1038/nature20805
6. Rice TW, Kelsen DP, Blackstone EH, et al. Esophagus and esophagogastric junction. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017:185–202.
7. Reed CE. Surgical management of esophageal carcinoma. Oncologist. 1999;4(2):95–105
8. Garg PK, Sharma J, Jakhetiya A, Goel A, Gaur MK. Preoperative therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct 21;22(39):8750-8759.
9. Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, Sheahan DG, Gunderson L, Mortimer J,et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 31;339(27):1979-84.
10. Kelsen DP, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, Mortimer J, Estes NC, Haller DG,et al; Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.; USA Intergroup. Long-term results of RTOG trial 8911 (USA Intergroup 113): a random assignment trial comparison of chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 20;25(24):3719-25.
11. Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party: Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359: 727-1733, 2002
12. Allum WH, Stenning SP, Bancewicz J, Clark PI, Langley RE. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 20;27(30):5062-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.2083.
13. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, Nicolson M, Scarffe JH, Lofts FJ, Falk SJ, Iveson TJ, Smith DB, Langley RE, Verma M, Weeden S, Chua YJ, MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 6;355(1):11-20.
14. Ychou M, Boige V, Pignon JP, Conroy T, Bouché O, Lebreton G,et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 1;29(13):1715-21. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.0597.
15. Kidane B, Coughlin S, Vogt K, Malthaner R. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic esophageal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 19;(5):CD001556. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001556.pub3.
16. Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Zalcberg JR, SimesRJ, Barbour A, Gebski V; Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Jul;12(7):681-92. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70142-5.
17. van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, et al; CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 31;366(22):2074-84. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.
18. Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJ, Hulshof MC, van Hagen P, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, van Laarhoven HW, et al; CROSS study group. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep;16(9):1090-8. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00040-6.
19. Mariette C, Dahan L, Mornex F, Maillard E, Thomas PA, Meunier B, et alF. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for stage I and II esophageal cancer: final analysis of randomized controlled phase III trial FFCD 9901. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Aug 10;32(23):2416-22. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.53.6532.
20. Burmeister BH, Thomas JM, Burmeister EA et al. Is concurrent radiation therapy required in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus? A randomized phase II trial. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47: 354–360.
21. Stahl M, Walz MK, Stuschke M, Lehmann N, Meyer HJ, Riera-Knorrenschild J, et al. Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advancedadenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 20;27(6):851-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.0506.
22. Klevebro F, Alexandersson von Döbeln G, Wang N, Johnsen G, Jacobsen AB, Friesland S, et al. A randomized clinical trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Ann Oncol. 2016 Apr;27(4):660-7. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw010.
23. Markar SR, Noordman BJ, Mackenzie H, Findlay JM, Boshier PR, Ni M, et al. Multimodality treatment for esophageal adenocaricnoma: multi-center propensity-score matched study. Ann Oncol. 2016 Oct 25. pii: mdw560. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw560.
24. Reynolds JV. Randomised clinical trial of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (MAGIC Regimen) vs. neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CROSS protocol) in adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophago-gastric junction. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01726452
25. Goodman KA, Niedzwiecki D, Hall N, Bekaii-SaabTS, Ye X, Meyers MO, et al. Initial results of CALGB 80803 (Alliance): A randomized phase II trial of PET scan-directed combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol 35, 2017 (suppl 4S; abstract 1)
26. Kelly RJ, Lockhart AC, Jonker DJ, Melichar B, Andre T, Chau I, et al. CheckMate 577: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study of nivolumab (Nivo) or placebo in patients (Pts) with resected lower esophageal (E) or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. J Clin Oncol 35, 2017 (suppl 4S; abstract TPS212)
27. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson JA Jr, Al-Sarraf M, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1623-7.
28. Minsky BD, Neuberg D, Kelsen D, et al: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy and high dose radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: A preliminary analysis of the phase II intergroup trial 0122. J Clin Oncol 14:149-155, 1996
29. Minsky BD, Neuberg D, Kelsen DP, et al: Final report of intergroup trial 0122 (ECOG PE-289, RTOG 90-12): Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy and highdose radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43:517-523, 1999
30. Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ, Pisansky TM, Martenson J, Komaki R, et al. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy.J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 1;20(5):1167-74.
31. Conroy T, Galais MP, Raoul JL, Bouché O, Gourgou-Bourgade S, Douillard JY, et al. Definitive chemoradiotherapy with FOLFOX versus fluorouracil and cisplatin in patients with oesophageal cancer (PRODIGE5/ACCORD17): final results of a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Mar;15(3):305-14. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70028-2.
32. Bedenne L, Michel P, Bouché O, Milan C, Mariette C, Conroy T, et al. Chemoradiation followed by surgery compared with chemoradiation alone in squamous cancer of the esophagus: FFCD 9102. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 1;25(10):1160-8.