Vitamin D status in Irish infants
Main Article Content
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for good bone health particularly during infancy, a time of rapid growth. Given Irelands northerly latitude, Irish children are at risk of suboptimal vitamin D levels.The aim of our study was to describe the vitamin D status of a group of Irish infants and identify factors predictive of vitamin D status. A cross sectional study was undertaken over a 12 month period in a single paediatric tertiary referral centre in Dublin. Fifty four healthy term infants (<1 year of age) attending a single hospital for minor medical or surgical procedures were recruited. All patients had measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a bone profile. A questionnaire detailing vitamin D intake from diet, vitamin D supplementation and sun exposure was completed on behalf of each participant. The mean (SD) for serum 25OHD was 80.8 (34.4) nmol/L and almost 80% of infants had 25OHD levels >50 nmol/L. Lower serum 25OHD levels were seen in the following: breastfed infants, infants with formula consumption of <500ml per day, darker skin and no vitamin D supplementation. In our study, most infants have 25OHD levels in the range for optimal skeletal development, above 50 nmol/L, but important risk factors for suboptimal serum 25OHD levels have been identified and will aid in identifying those infants most at risk.
Article Details
How to Cite
CARROLL, Aoife et al.
Vitamin D status in Irish infants.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 6, june 2017.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1321>. Date accessed: 16 dec. 2024.
Keywords
Ireland, Vitamin D, Infant, 25-OH vitamin D
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
References
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2. Section on D, Balk SJ. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):588-97.
3. Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Fanning D, Ebeling M, Hollis BW. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2006;1(2):59-70.
4. Hollis BW, Roos BA, Draper HH, Lambert PW. Vitamin D and its metabolites in human and bovine milk. The Journal of nutrition. 1981;111(7):1240-8.
5. Lerch C, Meissner T. Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD006164.
6. Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, Collett-Solberg PF, Kappy M. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):398-417.
7. Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):1142-52.
8. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Valle HBD, editors: The National Academies Press; 2011.
9. FSAI. Recommendations for a National Policy on Vitamin D Supplementation for Infants in Ireland 2007.
10. Members HNSGoVD. Vitamin D Supplementation for Infants in Ireland. 2010.
11. McCarthy RA, McKenna MJ, Oyefeso O, Uduma O, Murray BF, Brady JJ, et al. Vitamin D nutritional status in preterm infants and response to supplementation. The British journal of nutrition. 2013;110(1):156-63.
12. Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2012;523(1):123-33.
13. Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1500-3.
14. Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of disease in childhood. 2008;93(6):512-7.
15. Camargo CA, Jr., Ingham T, Wickens K, Thadhani R, Silvers KM, Epton MJ, et al. Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):e180-7.
16. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;91(5):1255-60.
17. Belderbos ME, Houben ML, Wilbrink B, Lentjes E, Bloemen EM, Kimpen JL, et al. Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):e1513-20.
18. Manaseki-Holland S, Maroof Z, Bruce J, Mughal MZ, Masher MI, Bhutta ZA, et al. Effect on the incidence of pneumonia of vitamin D supplementation by quarterly bolus dose to infants in Kabul: a randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9824):1419-27.
19. Arundel P, Ahmed SF, Allgrove J, Bishop NJ, Burren CP, Jacobs B, et al. British Paediatric and Adolescent Bone Group's position statement on vitamin D deficiency. Bmj. 2012;345:e8182.
20. Paxton GA, Teale GR, Nowson CA, Mason RS, McGrath JJ, Thompson MJ, et al. Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. The Medical journal of Australia. 2013;198(3):142-3.
21. Shaw NJ, Mughal MZ. Vitamin D and child health Part 1 (skeletal aspects). Archives of disease in childhood. 2013.
22. Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L, Williams AL, Kleinman PK, Perez-Rossello J, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2008;162(6):505-12.
23. Yoon JH, Park CS, Seo JY, Choi YS, Ahn YM. Clinical characteristics and prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in children less than two years of age. Korean journal of pediatrics. 2011;54(7):298-303.
24. Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1697S-705S.
25. Gallo S, Comeau K, Vanstone C, Agellon S, Sharma A, Jones G, et al. Effect of different dosages of oral vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in healthy, breastfed infants: a randomized trial. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2013;309(17):1785-92.
26. Wagner CL, Howard C, Hulsey TC, Lawrence RA, Taylor SN, Will H, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels in fully breastfed infants on oral vitamin d supplementation. International journal of endocrinology. 2010;2010:235035.
27. Onwuneme C, Carroll A, McCarthy R, Kilbane M, McKenna M, Murphy N, et al. Towards evidence based medicine for paediatricians. Question 2. What is the ideal dose of vitamin D supplementation for term neonates? Archives of disease in childhood. 2012;97(4):387-9.
28. Shakiba M, Sadr S, Nefei Z, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Lotfi MH, Bemanian MH. Combination of bolus dose vitamin D with routine vaccination in infants: a randomised trial. Singapore medical journal. 2010;51(5):440-5.
29. Siafarikas A, Piazena H, Feister U, Bulsara MK, Meffert H, Hesse V. Randomised controlled trial analysing supplementation with 250 versus 500 units of vitamin D3, sun exposure and surrounding factors in breastfed infants. Archives of disease in childhood. 2011;96(1):91-5.
30. Holmlund-Suila E, Viljakainen H, Hytinantti T, Lamberg-Allardt C, Andersson S, Makitie O. High-dose vitamin d intervention in infants--effects on vitamin d status, calcium homeostasis, and bone strength. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2012;97(11):4139-47.
31. Cattaneo A, Burmaz T, Arendt M, Nilsson I, Mikiel-Kostyra K, Kondrate I, et al. Protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe: progress from 2002 to 2007. Public health nutrition. 2010;13(6):751-9.
32. Executive HS. National Infant Feeding Policy for Maternity and Neonatal Services. ; 2012. p.
33. Breastfeeding inIreland. A Five year strategic action plan. In: Health, editor. 2005.
34. Bartoli F, Martinez JM, Ferrarini A, Recaldini E, Bianchetti MG. Poor adherence to the prophylactic use of vitamin D3 in Switzerland. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM. 2006;19(3):281-2.
35. Doolan A, Cousins J, Sheridan-Pereira M. Vitamin D supplementation in babies. Opinions of mothers. Irish medical journal. 2012;105(1):2.
36. McSwiney E, Moran P, Garvey A, Quet J, Kelly T, Watson M, et al. Compliance with the HSE policy on vitamin D supplementation for infants. Irish medical journal. 2013;106(3):93.
1. Wharton B, Bishop N. Rickets. Lancet. 2003;362(9393):1389-400.
2. Section on D, Balk SJ. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):588-97.
3. Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Fanning D, Ebeling M, Hollis BW. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2006;1(2):59-70.
4. Hollis BW, Roos BA, Draper HH, Lambert PW. Vitamin D and its metabolites in human and bovine milk. The Journal of nutrition. 1981;111(7):1240-8.
5. Lerch C, Meissner T. Interventions for the prevention of nutritional rickets in term born children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(4):CD006164.
6. Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, Collett-Solberg PF, Kappy M. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):398-417.
7. Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):1142-52.
8. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Valle HBD, editors: The National Academies Press; 2011.
9. FSAI. Recommendations for a National Policy on Vitamin D Supplementation for Infants in Ireland 2007.
10. Members HNSGoVD. Vitamin D Supplementation for Infants in Ireland. 2010.
11. McCarthy RA, McKenna MJ, Oyefeso O, Uduma O, Murray BF, Brady JJ, et al. Vitamin D nutritional status in preterm infants and response to supplementation. The British journal of nutrition. 2013;110(1):156-63.
12. Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2012;523(1):123-33.
13. Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1500-3.
14. Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of disease in childhood. 2008;93(6):512-7.
15. Camargo CA, Jr., Ingham T, Wickens K, Thadhani R, Silvers KM, Epton MJ, et al. Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):e180-7.
16. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;91(5):1255-60.
17. Belderbos ME, Houben ML, Wilbrink B, Lentjes E, Bloemen EM, Kimpen JL, et al. Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):e1513-20.
18. Manaseki-Holland S, Maroof Z, Bruce J, Mughal MZ, Masher MI, Bhutta ZA, et al. Effect on the incidence of pneumonia of vitamin D supplementation by quarterly bolus dose to infants in Kabul: a randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9824):1419-27.
19. Arundel P, Ahmed SF, Allgrove J, Bishop NJ, Burren CP, Jacobs B, et al. British Paediatric and Adolescent Bone Group's position statement on vitamin D deficiency. Bmj. 2012;345:e8182.
20. Paxton GA, Teale GR, Nowson CA, Mason RS, McGrath JJ, Thompson MJ, et al. Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. The Medical journal of Australia. 2013;198(3):142-3.
21. Shaw NJ, Mughal MZ. Vitamin D and child health Part 1 (skeletal aspects). Archives of disease in childhood. 2013.
22. Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L, Williams AL, Kleinman PK, Perez-Rossello J, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2008;162(6):505-12.
23. Yoon JH, Park CS, Seo JY, Choi YS, Ahn YM. Clinical characteristics and prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in children less than two years of age. Korean journal of pediatrics. 2011;54(7):298-303.
24. Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1697S-705S.
25. Gallo S, Comeau K, Vanstone C, Agellon S, Sharma A, Jones G, et al. Effect of different dosages of oral vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in healthy, breastfed infants: a randomized trial. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2013;309(17):1785-92.
26. Wagner CL, Howard C, Hulsey TC, Lawrence RA, Taylor SN, Will H, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels in fully breastfed infants on oral vitamin d supplementation. International journal of endocrinology. 2010;2010:235035.
27. Onwuneme C, Carroll A, McCarthy R, Kilbane M, McKenna M, Murphy N, et al. Towards evidence based medicine for paediatricians. Question 2. What is the ideal dose of vitamin D supplementation for term neonates? Archives of disease in childhood. 2012;97(4):387-9.
28. Shakiba M, Sadr S, Nefei Z, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Lotfi MH, Bemanian MH. Combination of bolus dose vitamin D with routine vaccination in infants: a randomised trial. Singapore medical journal. 2010;51(5):440-5.
29. Siafarikas A, Piazena H, Feister U, Bulsara MK, Meffert H, Hesse V. Randomised controlled trial analysing supplementation with 250 versus 500 units of vitamin D3, sun exposure and surrounding factors in breastfed infants. Archives of disease in childhood. 2011;96(1):91-5.
30. Holmlund-Suila E, Viljakainen H, Hytinantti T, Lamberg-Allardt C, Andersson S, Makitie O. High-dose vitamin d intervention in infants--effects on vitamin d status, calcium homeostasis, and bone strength. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2012;97(11):4139-47.
31. Cattaneo A, Burmaz T, Arendt M, Nilsson I, Mikiel-Kostyra K, Kondrate I, et al. Protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe: progress from 2002 to 2007. Public health nutrition. 2010;13(6):751-9.
32. Executive HS. National Infant Feeding Policy for Maternity and Neonatal Services. ; 2012. p.
33. Breastfeeding inIreland. A Five year strategic action plan. In: Health, editor. 2005.
34. Bartoli F, Martinez JM, Ferrarini A, Recaldini E, Bianchetti MG. Poor adherence to the prophylactic use of vitamin D3 in Switzerland. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM. 2006;19(3):281-2.
35. Doolan A, Cousins J, Sheridan-Pereira M. Vitamin D supplementation in babies. Opinions of mothers. Irish medical journal. 2012;105(1):2.
36. McSwiney E, Moran P, Garvey A, Quet J, Kelly T, Watson M, et al. Compliance with the HSE policy on vitamin D supplementation for infants. Irish medical journal. 2013;106(3):93.