Photobiomodulation in Dermatology: Harnessing Light from Visible to Near Infrared
Main Article Content
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM), the therapeutic use of low intensity light, typically in the visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths, has been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment and prevention of numerous skin conditions. The PBM biological response begins with chromophores, photon accepting molecules which convert light into signals that can stimulate certain biological processes. Important chromophores initiating the PBM response are Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO), with absorption peaks in the red and near IR wavelengths, opsins absorbing blue and green wavelengths and intracellular water acting at specific sites in the cell. PBM can activate cell signaling processes. The increase in electron transport, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP synthesis, particularly in hypoxic or stressed cells, can lead to the up-regulation of cell repair and survival pathways. In PBM, the light delivery parameters which maximize the therapeutic response are defined within specific ranges, with total fluence and irradiance being of particular importance. PBM emerges as a valuable complementary treatment modality in dermatology. In terms of tissue repair, wound healing is accelerated by PBM. Cutaneous wounds, erosive mucositis in oncology, leg ulcers, as well as burns and radiodermatitis all benefit from PBM treatment. Widely used to accelerate healing after aggressive aesthetic treatments, PBM reduces inflammation following treatments like skin resurfacing, vascular and benign pigmented lesions, or chemical peels. It has also been shown to be effective in treating dyspigmentation. In the case of hyperpigmentation, melanin synthesis is inhibited with IR light. Additionally, PBM has shown benefits in the treatment of acne, prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars. It has shown promise in skin rejuvenation, the treatment of alopecia, cellulite, as well as other skin diseases. The discovery of new applications for PBM, already an effective form of treatment and prevention for many skin conditions, is continually expanding.
Keywords:
Photobiomodulation, low-level laser therapy, LLLT, Laser, LED, Light emitting diode, chromophores, cytochrome c oxidase, clinical trials, treatment, complementary, skin, dermatology, cutaneous, phototherapy
Article Details
How to Cite
BAROLET, Daniel.
Photobiomodulation in Dermatology: Harnessing Light from Visible to Near Infrared.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, jan. 2018.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1610>. Date accessed: 15 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v6i1.1610.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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6. Passarella S, Karu T. Absorption of monochromatic and narrow band radiation in the visible and near IR by both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial photoacceptors results in photobiomodulation. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2014;140:344-58.
7. Avci P, Gupta A, Sadasivam M, Vecchio D, Pam Z, Pam N, et al. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery. 2013;32(1):41-52.
8. Poletini MO, Moraes MN, Ramos BC, Jeronimo R, Castrucci AM. TRP channels: a missing bond in the entrainment mechanism of peripheral clocks throughout evolution. Temperature (Austin). 2015;2(4):522-34.
9. Barolet D, Christiaens F, Hamblin MR. Infrared and skin: Friend or foe. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2016;155:78-85.
10. de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy. IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics : a publication of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-optics Society. 2016;22(3).
11. Damodaran S. Water at Biological Phase Boundaries: Its Role in Interfacial Activation of Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways. Subcell Biochem. 2015;71:233-61.
12. Pollack GH, Figueroa X, Zhao Q. Molecules, water, and radiant energy: new clues for the origin of life. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(4):1419-29.
13. Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS biophysics. 2017;4(3):337-61.
14. Passarella S, Karu T. Absorption of monochromatic and narrow band radiation in the visible and near IR by both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial photoacceptors results in photobiomodulation. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2014;140C:344-58.
15. Frigo L, Favero GM, Lima HJ, Maria DA, Bjordal JM, Joensen J, et al. Low-level laser irradiation (InGaAlP-660 nm) increases fibroblast cell proliferation and reduces cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28 Suppl 1:S151-6.
16. Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy - an update. Dose Response. 2011;9(4):602-18.
17. Sommer AP, Pinheiro AL, Mester AR, Franke RP, Whelan HT. Biostimulatory windows in low-intensity laser activation: lasers, scanners, and NASA's light-emitting diode array system. Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery. 2001;19(1):29-33.
18. Chaves ME, Araujo AR, Piancastelli AC, Pinotti M. Effects of low-power light therapy on wound healing: LASER x LED. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 2014;89(4):616-23.
19. Barolet D, Roberge CJ, Auger FA, Boucher A, Germain L. Regulation of skin collagen metabolism in vitro using a pulsed 660 nm LED light source: clinical correlation with a single-blinded study. The Journal of investigative dermatology. 2009;129(12):2751-9.
20. Barolet D, Duplay P, Jacomy H, Auclair M. Importance of pulsing illumination parameters in low-level-light therapy. J Biomed Opt. 2010;15(4):048005.
21. Barolet D. Pulsed versus continuous wave low-level light therapy on osteoarticular signs and symptoms in limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome): a case report. J Biomed Opt. 2014;19(11):118001.
22. Jacques SL. Optical properties of biological tissues: a review. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58(11):R37-61.
23. Whelan HT, Smits RL, Jr., Buchman EV, Whelan NT, Turner SG, Margolis DA, et al. Effect of NASA light-emitting diode irradiation on wound healing. Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery. 2001;19(6):305-14.
24. de Loura Santana C, Silva Dde F, Deana AM, Prates RA, Souza AP, Gomes MT, et al. Tissue responses to postoperative laser therapy in diabetic rats submitted to excisional wounds. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122042.
25. Franca CM, Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ. Photobiomodulation in Wound Healing: What Are We Not Considering? Photomed Laser Surg. 2016;34(2):51-2.
26. Alster TS, Wanitphakdeedecha R. Improvement of postfractional laser erythema with light-emitting diode photomodulation. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(5):813-5.
27. Khoury JG, Goldman MP. Use of light-emitting diode photomodulation to reduce erythema and discomfort after intense pulsed light treatment of photodamage. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 2008;7(1):30-4.
28. Trelles MA, Allones I. Red light-emitting diode (LED) therapy accelerates wound healing post-blepharoplasty and periocular laser ablative resurfacing. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2006;8(1):39-42.
29. Chaves ME, Araujo AR, Santos SF, Pinotti M, Oliveira LS. LED phototherapy improves healing of nipple trauma: a pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012;30(3):172-8.
30. Calderhead RG, Kim WS, Ohshiro T, Trelles MA, Vasily DB. Adjunctive 830 nm light-emitting diode therapy can improve the results following aesthetic procedures. Laser therapy. 2015;24(4):277-89.
31. Barolet D. Accelerating Ablative Fractional Resurfacing Wound Healing Recovery by Photobiomodulation. Current Dermatology Reports. 2016;5(3):232-8.
32. Pandeshwar P, Roa MD, Das R, Shastry SP, Kaul R, Srinivasreddy MB. Photobiomodulation in oral medicine: a review. Journal of investigative and clinical dentistry. 2016;7(2):114-26.
33. Gautam AP, Fernandes DJ, Vidyasagar MS, Maiya AG, Vadhiraja BM. Low level laser therapy for concurrent chemoradiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients - a triple blinded randomized controlled trial. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. 2012;104(3):349-54.
34. Basso FG, Pansani TN, Turrioni AP, Bagnato VS, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA. In vitro wound healing improvement by low-level laser therapy application in cultured gingival fibroblasts. International journal of dentistry. 2012;2012:719452.
35. Pourreau-Schneider N, Ahmed A, Soudry M, Jacquemier J, Kopp F, Franquin JC, et al. Helium-neon laser treatment transforms fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Am J Pathol. 1990;137(1):171-8.
36. Salvador DRN, Soave DF, Sacono NT, de Castro EF, Silva GBL, LP ES, et al. Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on reducing the chemo-induced oral mucositis severity and on salivary levels of CXCL8/interleukin 8, nitrite, and myeloperoxidase in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(8):1801-10.
37. Kumar SP, Prasad K, Shenoy K, D'Souza M, Kumar VK. High-level Evidence Exists for Low-level Laser Therapy on Chemoradiotherapy-induced Oral Mucositis in Cancer Survivors. Indian journal of palliative care. 2013;19(3):195-6.
38. Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, Elting L, Epstein J, Keefe DM, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 2014;120(10):1453-61.
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