Evoking subclinical hypomania as a potential autism treatment - a hypothesis based on an up-to-date literature review
Main Article Content
Abstract
The growing number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) urges the scientific community to find a simple and cost-effective solution to this problem. Before 1990, the general population prevalence for autism was considered steady at 4–5/10,000 (1/2,000–1/2,500). However, recent studies on children in the United States have reported an ASD diagnosis in 1/91 3-17 year olds and 1/110 8 year olds.
A comprehensive literature review of over 700 articles on neurotransmitter levels and brain performance in autism and other psychiatric conditions was conducted to finally include 83 studies. The results of the search led us to the conclusion that autism is a state of the brain performance opposite in many aspects to mania (in particular hypomania), both behaviourally (in particular autism being characterized by social deficits and hypomania by hypersociability), neurochemically (e.g. low brain vasopressin, high cortisol in autism vs. high brain vasopressin, low cortisol in mania) and by activity of key brain areas (e.g. mirror neuron system, amygdala).
We hypothesize that instead of targeting separate neurotransmitter systems in autism, the focus should be on 'moving and locking' the brain into a subclinical hypomanic state when required. When in a subclinical hypomanic state, a patient's sociability (the key and most debilitating symptom of autism) should be massively improved. We have designed experiments which would test the above hypothesis.
Keywords:
autism, mania, hypomania, mirror neuron system (MNS), amygdale
Article Details
How to Cite
ŚWIERCZEK, Maciej; NESTEROWICZ, Krzysztof.
Evoking subclinical hypomania as a potential autism treatment - a hypothesis based on an up-to-date literature review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, jan. 2018.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1644>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v6i1.1644.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). 2017.
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5. Lee M., Martin-Ruiz C., Graham A., Court J., Jaros E., Perry R., Iversen P., Bauman M., Perry E. Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in the cerebellar cortex in autism. Brain 2002; 125 (7): 1483-1495.
6. Onur O., Teksin G.,. Karsıdag C. A case of a varenicline-induced mania in a patient with the history of depression. European Psychiatry. 2016; Volume 33, Supplement: 411.
7. Leung J.G. Donepezil-induced mania. Consult Pharm. 2014; 29(3): 191-5.
8. Arnold L.E et al. Placebo-controlled pilot trial of mecamylamine for treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2012; 22(3): 198–205.
9. Nicolson R, Craven-Thuss B, Smith J. A prospective, open-label trial of galantamine in autistic disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006; 16(5):621-9.
10. Barthelemy C., Bruneau N., Cottet-Eymard J.M., Domenech-Jouve J., Garreau B., Lelord G., Muh J.P., Peyrin L. Urinary free and conjugated catecholamines and metabolites in autistic children. J Autism Devel Disord.1988 ;18: 583-591.
11. Anderson C.J., Colombo J., Unruh K.E. Pupil and salivary indicators of autonomic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychobiol. 2013 ;55(5):465-82.
12. Mehler M.F., Purpura D.P. Autism, fever, epigenetics and the locus coeruleus. Brain Res Rev. 2009; 59(2): 388–392.
13. Harfterkamp M., Buitelaar J.K., Minderaa R.B., van de Loo-Neus G., van der Gaag R.-J., Hoekstra P.J. Long-Term Treatment with Atomoxetine for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Open-Label Extension Study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2013; 23(3): 194-199.
14. Hollander E., Kaplan A., Cartwright C., Reichman D. (2000). Venlafaxine in children, adolescents, and young adults with autism spectrum disorders: an open retrospective clinical report. J Child Neurol. 2000; 15(2): 132-5.
15. Kurita M., Nishino S., Numata Y., Okubo Y., Sato T. (2014). The noradrenaline metabolite MHPG is a candidate biomarker from the manic to the remission state in bipolar disorder I: a clinical naturalistic study. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 27; 9(6): e100634.
16. Henderson T.A., Hartman K. Aggression, Mania, and Hypomania Induction Associated with Atomoxetine. Pediatrics. September 2004, 114(3).
17. Bhargava Raman R.P., Suresh Bada Math, Gangadhar B.N. Venlafaxine-Induced Manic Switch in an Adolescent Patient: A Case Report. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007; 9(6): 470.
18. Hardy M.C., Lecrubier Y., Widlöcher D. Efficacy of clonidine in 24 patients with acute mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Nov; 143(11): 1450-3.
19. Corbett B.A., Schupp C.W., Simon D., Ryan N., Mendoza S. Elevated cortisol during play is associated with age and social engagement in children with autism. Mol Autism. 2010; 1: 13.
20. Putnam S.K., Lopata C., Thomeer M.L., Volker M.A., Rodgers J.D. Salivary Cortisol Levels and Diurnal Patterns in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Dev Phys Disabil 2015 27: 453.
21. Valiengo L.L., Soeiro-de-Souza M.G., Marques A.H., Moreno D.H., Juruena M.F., Andreazza A.C., Gattaz W.F., Machado-Vieiraa R. Plasma cortisol in first episode drug-naïve mania: Differential levels in euphoric versus irritable mood. J Affect Disord. 2012 Apr; 138(0): 149–152.
22. Narayan M., Srinath S., Anderson G.M., Meundi D.B. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in autism. Biol Psychiatry. 1993; 33(8-9): 630-5.
23. Lackner C.L., Bowman L.C., Sabbagh M.A. Dopaminergic functioning and preschoolers’ theory of mind. Neuropsychologia. 2010 May; 48(6): 1767-74.
24. Squillace M., Dodero L., Federici M., Migliarini S., Errico F., Napolitano F., Krashia P., Di Maio A., Galbusera A., Bifone A., Scattoni M.L., Pasqualetti M., Mercuri N.B., Usiello A., Gozzi A. Dysfunctional dopaminergic neurotransmission in asocial BTBR mice. Translational Psychiatry (2014) 4: 427.
25. Ernst M., Zametkin A.J., Matochik J.A., Pascualvaca D., Cohen R.M. Low medial prefrontal dopaminergic activity in autistic children. Lancet. 1997; 350(9078): 638.
26. Hollander E., Wasserman S., Swanson E.N., Chaplin W., Schapiro M.L., Zagursky K., Novotny S. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of olanzapine in childhood/adolescent pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006; 16(5): 541-8.
27. Marcus R.N., Owen R., Kamen L., Manos G., McQuade R.D., Carson W.H., Aman M.G. A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009; 48(11): 1110-9.
28. Chantal H., Demotes-Mainard J. (2002). Olanzapine-induced mania in bipolar disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2002; 27(3): 200–201.
29. Gerner R.H. et al.. CSF neurochemistry in depressed, manic, and schizophrenic patients compared with that of normal controls. Am J Psychiatry. 1984; 141(12): 1533-40.
30. Sultzer D.L., Cummings J.L. Drug-induced mania--causative agents, clinical characteristics and management. A retrospective analysis of the literature. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989; 4(2): 127-43.
31. Singh A., Althoff R., Martineau R.J., Jacobson J. Pramipexole, ropinirole, and mania in Parkinson's disease. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 ; 162(4): 814-5.
32. Reeves R.R., McBride W.A., Brannon G.E.. Olanzapine-induced mania. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998; 98(10): 549-50.
33. Kavoor A.R., Mitra S., Mondal S.K., Das B. Risperidone-induced mania: An emergent complication of treatment. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2014 ; 5(4): 258–260.
34. Donohue A. (2010). First Manic Episode in a 55-Year-Old Man After Initiation of Aripiprazole. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2010; 7(4): 37–39.
35. Rossi P.G., Posar A., Parmeggiani A., Pipitone E., D'Agata M. Niaprazine in the treatment of autistic disorder. J Child Neurol. 1999; 14(8): 547-50.
36. Linday L.A. Oral famotidine: a potential treatment for children with autism. Med Hypotheses. 1997; 48(5): 381-6.
37. Pal H., Kumar R., Bhushan S., Berry N. Psychiatric co-morbidity associated with pheniramine abuse and dependence. Indian J Psychiatry. 2005 Jan-Mar; 47(1): 60–62.
38. von Einsiedel R.W., Roesch-Ely D., Diebold K., Sartor K., Mundt C., Bergemann N. H(2)-histamine antagonist (famotidine) induced adverse CNS reactions with long-standing secondary mania and epileptic seizures. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 ; 35(4): 152-4.
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