HEPATIC AND HEAMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SMART HERBAL PURIFIER: A NIGERIAN POLY HERBAL REMEDY IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS.
Main Article Content
Abstract
There is a resurgence of interest in the use of herbal supplements in Nigeria arising from the unsubstantiated belief of the safety of the supplements, the hepatotoxicity and heamatological profile of Smart Herbal Purifier (SHP) a formulation of herbal components was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. One hundred and twenty SD rats were divided into four groups of thirty rats each. Group 1 (control) and was given only feed and water ad libitum. Groups 2, 3 and 4 received SHP at 48, 240 and 480 mg/kg orally for 90 days repeated dose toxicity study and 30 day post treatment in which SHP was withdrawn from the animals. Body and liver weights, fluid and feed intake, histopathology of liver, biochemical and heamatological parameters were measured. The RBC and WBC increased in the high treatment groups. There was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the high treatment group. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in a dose dependent manner but was not significant. The liver showed mild periportal lympocytic infiltration. SHP may not be as safe as it is claimed and we recommend more in-depth risk assessment.
Keywords:
herbal supplements, hepatotoxicity, risk assessments, public health
Article Details
How to Cite
IGWEZE, Zelinjo Nkeiruka et al.
HEPATIC AND HEAMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SMART HERBAL PURIFIER: A NIGERIAN POLY HERBAL REMEDY IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS..
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, jan. 2019.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/1881>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v7i1.1881.
Section
Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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30. Wolf, P.L., Williams, D., Tsudaka, T., Acosta, L. (1972). Methods and techniques in clinical chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, USA .
2. Allan, J.J., Bhide, R.M., Agarwal, A. (2012). Safety assessment of Zigbir : A Polyherbal formulation in Sprague-Dawley Rats Journal of Toxicology Volume 2012, Article ID 589520, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/589520
3. Blumenthal, M., Brusse, W.R., Goldberg, A., Gruenwald, J., Hall, T., Riggins, C.W., Rister, R.S. (1998). The Complete German Commissions E- Monographs. Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. The American Botanical Council, TX, USA, 45: 67-68.
4. Canini, A., Alesiani, D., D'Arcangelo, G., Tagliatesta, P. (2007). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic compounds from Carica Papaya leaf. J Food Comp Analysis 20(7): 584-90.
5. Dioka, C., Orisakwe, O. E., Afonne, O.J., Agbasi, P.U., Akumka, D.D., Okonkwo, C.J., Ilondu, A.N. (2002). Investigation into the Haematologic and Hepatotoxic effects of Ribacin in rats.J Health Sci 48(5): 393-8.
6. Elvin-Lewis, M. (2001). Should we be concerned about herbal remedies. J Ethnopharmacol 75: 141-64.
7. Estes, J. D., Stolpman, D., Corless, C.L., Ham, J.M., Schwartz, J.M., Orloff, S.L. (2003). High prevalence of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Arch.Surg, 138:852-858.
8. Firenzuoli, F., Gori, L. (2007).Herbal medicine today: clinical and research issues in subacute toxicity studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 57: 414-24.
9. Ha, H., Lee, J.K., Lee, H.Y., Seo, C.S., Lee, M. Y., Shin, H.K. (2011). Geno toxicity assessment of a herbal formula Ojeok-san. J Ethnopharmacol, 135: 586-89.
10. Heywood, R. ( 1983). Long term toxicity In M.Balls.R.J Riddle and A.N.Worden (Eds).Animals and alternatives in toxicity testing, London Academic press.
11. Hilaly, J.E., El.Israili, Z., Lyoussi, B. ( 2004).Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajugaiva in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 91: 43-50.
12. Huxtable, C.R. (1988).The liver and exocrine pancreas. In W.F.Robinson and C.R.R Huxtable (Eds).Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine. Cambridge University press, 194-215.
13. Hyekyung, H., Jun Kyoung, L., HoYoung, L., Chang-Seo, S., Jung-Hoon, K., Mee-young, L., Woo Suk, K., Hyeun Kyoo, S. ( 2010). Evaluation of safety of the herbal formula Ojeok-san: Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 131 : 410–416.
14. Jordan, S.A., Cunningham DG, Marles RJ. (2010). Assesment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243: 198-216.
15. Kluwe, W.M..(1981) Renal function test as indicators of kidney sub acute toxicity studies. Toxicol.Appl. Pharmacol 57: 414-24.
16. Latilou, S., Zafar, H.I., Badia, L. (2008). Acute and chronic toxicity of lypholized aqueous extract of tanacetum Vulgare leaves in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 117: 221-7.
17. Li-Hua, M., Huang, Z., Ring, L., Yuan, H., Yue, G. (2011). Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of the herbal formular Kai-Xin-San. J Ethnopharmacol 138: 351-57.
18. Lynch, N., and Berry, D. (2007).Differences in perceived risks and benefits of herbal, over the counter conventional medicines, and the implications of this for safe and effective use of herbal products. Compl Ther Med 15: 84-91.
19. Mackowiak, E.D., Parikh, A., Freely, J. (2001). Herbal product education in the United States pharmacy schools: Core or elective program? Am.J Pharm.Ed 65: 1-6.
20. Mdhluli, M. (2003). Toxicological and antifertility investigations of oleanolic acid in male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). PhD Thesis. Discipline of Physiological Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa .
21. Mosihuzzaman, M., Iqbal Choudhary, M. (2008). Protocols on safety, efficacy, standardization, and documentation of herbal medicine. Pure Appl Chem 80(10): 2195-2230.
22. Oloyede, A.M., Okpuzor, J., Omidiji, O.O. (2012).91-day oral toxicity evaluation of a herbal preparation used in the management of breast tumour in southwestern Nigeria using mice. J Pharmacol and Tox 7(4): 199-205.
23. Olson, H., Betton, G., Robinson, D., Thomas, K., Monro, A., Kolaja, G., et al.( 2000). Concordance of the toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in humans and animals. Reg Tox and Pharmacol 32:56-67.
24. Patel, R.B., Raval, J.D., Gandhi, T.P., Chakravarty, B.K. (1988). Hepatoprotective effect of Indian Medicinal Plants Part 1. Indian Drugs, 25(6): 224-5.
25. Rajesh, M.G., Latha, M.S. (2004). Preliminary evaluation of the antihepatotoxic activity of Kamilari, a polyherbal formulation. J Ethnopharmacol 91(1): 99-104.
26. Salahdeen, H.M., Yemitan, O.K. (2006). Neuropharmacological effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum in mice. Afr J Biomed Res 9, 101-7.
27. Shin, I.S., Seo, Y,.B., Ha, H.K., Lee, M.Y., Huang, D. S., Kim, J.H., Shin, H.Y. (2011). Subchronic toxicity of Sipjeon-tang (SDT) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Reg Tox Pharmacol 59: 375-84.
28. Simmons, J.E., Yang, R.S., Berman, E. ( 1995).Evaluation of complex mixtures containing organics and metals: advantages and disadvantages of the use of renal world complex mixtures. Environ. Health Perspect 103: 67-71.
29. Teschke, R., Gaus, W., Loew, D. (2003). Kava extracts:Safety and risks including rare hepatotoxicity Phytomed 10: 440-446.
30. Wolf, P.L., Williams, D., Tsudaka, T., Acosta, L. (1972). Methods and techniques in clinical chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, USA .