Facts in wound healing: a review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Wound healing requires a complex interaction and coordination of different cells and molecules. Any alteration in these highly coordinated events can lead to either delayed or excessive healing. This review summarizes the principal facts that occur during wound healing including the responses of the various cell types involved and eventual therapies actually used. Interesting is also the last paragraph in which an hypothesis is considered to justify a synchronized response of the various cell types during the healing of wounds where the mast cell is considered one of the protagonists. Therefore the purpose of this review is to stimulate the reader's attention to this phenomenon and to serve as a point of reference for the various professional figures who are involved daily in dealing with the problems posed by wounds and their recovery.
Keywords:
Cellular Infiltrate, Mast cells, Wound Healing
Article Details
How to Cite
BACCI, stefano.
Facts in wound healing: a review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 12, dec. 2019.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2016>. Date accessed: 05 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v7i12.2016.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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31. Dea K, Khomtchouk K, Santa Maria PL. A review of the contribution of mast cells in wound healing: involved molecular and cellular mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; doi: 10.1007/s12016-019-08729-w. [Epub ahead of print]
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33. Vinish M, Cui W, Stafford E, Bae L, Hawkins H, Cox R, Toliver-Kinsky T. Dendritic cells modulate burn wound healing by enhancing early proliferation. Wound Repair Regen 24(1):6-13, 2016.
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35. Han Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wei A, Zhou J, Li Q, Guo L. MiR-21/Pten axis promotes skin wound healing by dendritic cells enhancement. J Cell Biochem 118(10): 3511-3519, 2017.
36. Focardi M, Puliti E, Grifoni R, Palandri M, Bugelli V, Pinchi V, Norelli GA, Bacci S. Immunohistochemical localization of Langerhans cells as a tool for vitality in hanging mark wounds: a pilot study. Aust J Forensic Sc, doi: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1567811, 2019
37. Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, Ali NH, Pauli ML, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD. Cutting edge: regulatory T cells facilitate cutaneous healing. J Immunol 196 (5): 2010-2014, 2016.
38. Keen D. A review of research examining the role of lymphocytes in normal wound. J Wound Care 17 (5): 218-220, 2008.
39. Brockman L, Giannou AD, Gagliani N, Huber S. Regulation of TH17 cells and associated cytokines in wound healing, tissue rigeneration and carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sc 18 (5):1033-1048, 2016.
40. Yanez DA, Lacher RK, Vidyarthi A, Colegio RA. The role of macrophages in skin homeostasis. Eur J Physiol 469 (3-4): 455-463, 2017.
41. Minutti CM, Knipper JA, Allen JE, Zaiss DM. Tissue-specific contribution of macrophages to wound healing. Sem Cell Dev Biol Jan 61: 3-11, 2017.
42. Biorad (company). Mini review: macrophage polarization. https://www.bio-rad-antibodies.com/macrophage-polarization-minireview.html.
43. Mescher LA. Macrophages and fibroblasts during inflammation and tissue repair in models of organ regeneration. Regeneration 4(2): 39-53, 2017
44. Werner S, Krieg T, Smola H. Keratinocyte fibroblast interactions in wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 127(5): 998-1008, 2007.
45. Gregorio J, Meller S, Conrad C, Di Nardo A, Homey B, Lauerma A, Arai N, Gallo RL, Digiovanni J, Gillet M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense skin injury and promote wound healing through type I interferons. J Exp Med 207(13): 2921-2930, 2010.
46. Gehrie E, Van der Touw W, Bromberg JS, Ochando JC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tolerance. Methods Mol Biol 677:127-147, 2011.
47. Bordon Y. Dendritic cells: pDCs play off scratch. Nat Rev Immunol 11(1): 8, 2011.
48. Bainbridge P. Wound healing and the role of fibroblasts. J Wound Care 22(8): 407-408, 410-412, 2013.
49. Driskell RR, Watt FM. Understanding fibroblast heterogeneity in the skin. Trends Cell Biol 25(2): 92-99, 2015.
50. Thulabandu V, Chen D, Atit RP. Dermal fibroblast in cutaneous development and healing. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 7(2): doi: 10.1002/wdev.307, 2018
51. Lynch MD, Watt FM. Fibroblast heterogeneity: implications for human disease. J Clin Invest 128 (1):26-35, 2018.
52. Hinz B. The role of myofibroblasts in wound healing. Curr Res Transl Med 64(4): 171-177, 2016.
53. Hinz B. Myofibroblasts. Exp Eye Res Jan 142: 56-70, 2016.
54. Lebonvallet N, Laverdet B, Misery L, Desmoullière A, Girard D. New insights into the role of myofibroblasts and innervation during skin healing and innovative therapies to improve scar innervation. Exp Dermatol 27(9): 950-958, 2018.
55. Bodnar JR, Satish L, Yates CC, Wells A. Perycites. A newly recognized player in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 24(2): 204-214, 2016.
56. Greaves NS, Ashcroft KJ, Baguneid M, Bayat A. Current understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms and angiogenesis during acute wound healing. J Dermatol Sci 72(3): 2006-2017, 2013.
57. Tuner J, Hode L. Laser therapy handbook : a guide for research scientists, doctors, dentists, veterinarians and other interested parties within the medical field. Prima Books: Grangesberg, Sweden, 2004.
58. Alster T, Zaulyanov-Scanlon L. Laser scar revision: A review. Dermatol Surg 33(2): 131-140, 2007.
59. Shah JB. The history of wound care. J Am Col Certif Wound Spec 3(3) : 65-66, 2011.
60. Dreifke MB, Jayasurya AA, Ambalangodage CJ. Current wound healing procedures and potential care. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl Mar 48: 651-662, 2015.
61. Franca CM, Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ. Photobiomodulation in wound healing: what are we not considering? Photomed Laser Surg 34(2): 51-52, 2016.
62. Nesi-Reis V, Lera-Nonose DSSL, Oyama J, Paula Silva-Lalucci MP, Demarchi IG, Aristides SMA, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Contribution of photodynamic therapy in wound healing: a systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodynam Ther 21: 294-305, 2018.
63. Canedo-Dorantes L, Canedo-Ayala. Skin acute wound healing: a comprehensive review. Int J Inflam Jun 2; 2019: 3706315-3706330, 2019.
64. Gehrie E, Van der Touw W, Bromberg JS, Ochando JC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tolerance. Methods Mol Biol 677: 127-147, 2011.
65. Shimizu J, Iida R, Sato Y, Morizumi E, Nishikawa A, Ishida Y. Cross-linking of CD45 on Suppressive/Regulatory T Cells leads to the abrogation of their suppressive activity in vitro. J Immunol 174 (7): 4090-4097, 2005.
2. Mc Grath JA, Uitto J. Anatomy and organization of human skin. In: Rooks textbook of Dermatology. Burns T, Breathnach MA, Griffiths C. (Eds) Blackwell publishing, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2010.
3. Nuutila K, Katayama S, Vuola J, Kankuri E. Human wound healing research: issues and perspectives for studies using wide-scale analytic platforms. Adv Wound Care 3(3): 264-271, 2014.
4. Posnett J, Gottrup F, Lundgren H, Saal G. The resource impact of wounds on health-care providers in Europe. J Wound Care 18(4): 154-161, 2009.
5. Järbrink K, Ni G, Sönnergren H, Schmidtchen A, Pang C, Bajpai R, Car J. Prevalence and incidence of chronic wounds and related complications: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 5(1):152, 2016.
6. Bongiovanni L. Does the Italian wound care market present an opportunity to new technologies? Wound market consulting, 2017.
7. Godwin JW, Brockes JP. Regeneration, tissue injury and the immune response. J Anat 209 (4): 423-432, 2006.
8. Kim DJ, Mustoe T, Clark RA. Cutaneous wound healing in aging small mammals: a systematic review. Wound Repair Regen 23 (3): 318-339, 2015.
9. Takeo M, Lee W, Mayumi I. Wound healing and skin regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5(1): 23267-23272, 2015.
10. Yuan S, Tao X, Huang S, Chen S, Xu A. Comparative immune systems in animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci Feb 2: 235-258, 2014.
11. Zimmerman LM, Vogel LA, Bowden RM. Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective. 213(5): 661-671, 2010.
12. Roth-Walter F, Jensen-Jarolim E, Stockinger H. Principles and comparative aspects of adaptive immunity. In: comparative medicine: anatomy and physiology. Jensen-Jarolim E (Ed), Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2013.
13. Shaw JT, Martin P. Wound repair. A showcase for cell plasticity and migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol Oct 42: 29-37, 2016.
14. Singh S, Young A, Mc Naught CE. The physiology of wound healing. Surgery 35 (9): 473-477, 2017.
15. Braiman-Wiksman L, Solomonik L, Spira R, Tennenbaum T. Novel insights into wound healing sequence of events. Toxicol Pathol 35 (6):767-779, 2007.
16. Sorg H, Tikorn DJ, Hager S, Hauser J, Mirastschijski U. Skin wound healing: an update on the current knowledge and concepts. Europ Surg Res 58 (1-2): 81-94, 2017.
17. Reinke JM, Sorg H. Wound repair and regeneration. Eur Surg Res 49(1): 35-43, 2012.
18. Hernandez-Cueto C, Girela E, Sweet DJ. Advances in the diagnosis of wound vitality. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 21(1): 21-31, 2000.
19. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Junliang D, Yinglun L, Wang X, Zhao L. Inflammatory responses and inflammation associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9(6): 7204-7218, 2018.
20. Nguyen AV, Soulika AM. The dynamics of skin’s immune system. Int J Mol Sci 20(8): doi: 10.3390/ijms20081811, 2019.
21. Godwin JW, Brockes JP. Regeneration, tissue injury and the immune response. J Anat 209(4): 423-432, 2006.
22. Thiruvoth FM, Mohapatra DP, Kumar D, Kumar-Chittoria SR, Nandhagopal V. Current concepts in the physiology of adult wound healing. Plast Aest Res September 2: 250-256, 2015.
23. Nurden AT, Nurden P, Sanchez M, Andia I, Anitua E. Platelets and wound healing. Front Biosci May 1; 13: 3532-3548, 2008.
24. Nurden AT. Platelets, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost May 105: S13-S33, 2011.
25. Tan SY, Weninger W. Neutrophil migration in inflammation: intercellular signal relay and cross talk. Curr Opin Immunol Feb 44: 34-42, 2017.
26. De Oliveira S, Rosowski EE, Huttenlocker A. Neutrophil migration in infection and wound repair: going forward in reverse. Nat Rev Immunol May 27; 16:378-391, 2016.
27. Bacci S, Bonelli A, Romagnoli P. Mast cells in injury response. In Abreu T, Silva G (eds). Cell movement: New Research Trends. Hauppage, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2009.
28. Bacci S, Romagnoli P. Drugs acting on mast cells function. A cell biological perspective. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets 9(4): 214-228, 2010.
29. Bonelli A, Bacci S, Norelli GA. Affinity cytochemistry analysis of mast cells in skin lesions: a possible tool to assess timing of lesions after death. Int J Leg Med 117(6): 331-334, 2003.
30. Bacci S, Romagnoli P, Norelli GA, Forestieri AL, Bonelli A. Early increase in TNF-alpha containing mast cells in skin lesions. Int J Leg Med 120(3): 38-42, 2006.
31. Dea K, Khomtchouk K, Santa Maria PL. A review of the contribution of mast cells in wound healing: involved molecular and cellular mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; doi: 10.1007/s12016-019-08729-w. [Epub ahead of print]
32. Bacci S, Pimpinelli N, Romagnoli P. Contacts between mast cells and in dendritic cells in human skin. Ital J Anat Embriol 115(1-2): 25-30, 2010.
33. Vinish M, Cui W, Stafford E, Bae L, Hawkins H, Cox R, Toliver-Kinsky T. Dendritic cells modulate burn wound healing by enhancing early proliferation. Wound Repair Regen 24(1):6-13, 2016.
34. Bacci S, De Fraia B, Cinci L, Calosi L, Guasti D, Pieri L, Lotti V, Bonelli A, Romagnoli P. Immunohistochemical analysis of dendritic cells in skin lesions: correlations with survival time. Forensic Sci Int Nov 244: 179-185, 2014.
35. Han Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wei A, Zhou J, Li Q, Guo L. MiR-21/Pten axis promotes skin wound healing by dendritic cells enhancement. J Cell Biochem 118(10): 3511-3519, 2017.
36. Focardi M, Puliti E, Grifoni R, Palandri M, Bugelli V, Pinchi V, Norelli GA, Bacci S. Immunohistochemical localization of Langerhans cells as a tool for vitality in hanging mark wounds: a pilot study. Aust J Forensic Sc, doi: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1567811, 2019
37. Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, Ali NH, Pauli ML, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD. Cutting edge: regulatory T cells facilitate cutaneous healing. J Immunol 196 (5): 2010-2014, 2016.
38. Keen D. A review of research examining the role of lymphocytes in normal wound. J Wound Care 17 (5): 218-220, 2008.
39. Brockman L, Giannou AD, Gagliani N, Huber S. Regulation of TH17 cells and associated cytokines in wound healing, tissue rigeneration and carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sc 18 (5):1033-1048, 2016.
40. Yanez DA, Lacher RK, Vidyarthi A, Colegio RA. The role of macrophages in skin homeostasis. Eur J Physiol 469 (3-4): 455-463, 2017.
41. Minutti CM, Knipper JA, Allen JE, Zaiss DM. Tissue-specific contribution of macrophages to wound healing. Sem Cell Dev Biol Jan 61: 3-11, 2017.
42. Biorad (company). Mini review: macrophage polarization. https://www.bio-rad-antibodies.com/macrophage-polarization-minireview.html.
43. Mescher LA. Macrophages and fibroblasts during inflammation and tissue repair in models of organ regeneration. Regeneration 4(2): 39-53, 2017
44. Werner S, Krieg T, Smola H. Keratinocyte fibroblast interactions in wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 127(5): 998-1008, 2007.
45. Gregorio J, Meller S, Conrad C, Di Nardo A, Homey B, Lauerma A, Arai N, Gallo RL, Digiovanni J, Gillet M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense skin injury and promote wound healing through type I interferons. J Exp Med 207(13): 2921-2930, 2010.
46. Gehrie E, Van der Touw W, Bromberg JS, Ochando JC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tolerance. Methods Mol Biol 677:127-147, 2011.
47. Bordon Y. Dendritic cells: pDCs play off scratch. Nat Rev Immunol 11(1): 8, 2011.
48. Bainbridge P. Wound healing and the role of fibroblasts. J Wound Care 22(8): 407-408, 410-412, 2013.
49. Driskell RR, Watt FM. Understanding fibroblast heterogeneity in the skin. Trends Cell Biol 25(2): 92-99, 2015.
50. Thulabandu V, Chen D, Atit RP. Dermal fibroblast in cutaneous development and healing. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 7(2): doi: 10.1002/wdev.307, 2018
51. Lynch MD, Watt FM. Fibroblast heterogeneity: implications for human disease. J Clin Invest 128 (1):26-35, 2018.
52. Hinz B. The role of myofibroblasts in wound healing. Curr Res Transl Med 64(4): 171-177, 2016.
53. Hinz B. Myofibroblasts. Exp Eye Res Jan 142: 56-70, 2016.
54. Lebonvallet N, Laverdet B, Misery L, Desmoullière A, Girard D. New insights into the role of myofibroblasts and innervation during skin healing and innovative therapies to improve scar innervation. Exp Dermatol 27(9): 950-958, 2018.
55. Bodnar JR, Satish L, Yates CC, Wells A. Perycites. A newly recognized player in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 24(2): 204-214, 2016.
56. Greaves NS, Ashcroft KJ, Baguneid M, Bayat A. Current understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms and angiogenesis during acute wound healing. J Dermatol Sci 72(3): 2006-2017, 2013.
57. Tuner J, Hode L. Laser therapy handbook : a guide for research scientists, doctors, dentists, veterinarians and other interested parties within the medical field. Prima Books: Grangesberg, Sweden, 2004.
58. Alster T, Zaulyanov-Scanlon L. Laser scar revision: A review. Dermatol Surg 33(2): 131-140, 2007.
59. Shah JB. The history of wound care. J Am Col Certif Wound Spec 3(3) : 65-66, 2011.
60. Dreifke MB, Jayasurya AA, Ambalangodage CJ. Current wound healing procedures and potential care. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl Mar 48: 651-662, 2015.
61. Franca CM, Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ. Photobiomodulation in wound healing: what are we not considering? Photomed Laser Surg 34(2): 51-52, 2016.
62. Nesi-Reis V, Lera-Nonose DSSL, Oyama J, Paula Silva-Lalucci MP, Demarchi IG, Aristides SMA, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Contribution of photodynamic therapy in wound healing: a systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodynam Ther 21: 294-305, 2018.
63. Canedo-Dorantes L, Canedo-Ayala. Skin acute wound healing: a comprehensive review. Int J Inflam Jun 2; 2019: 3706315-3706330, 2019.
64. Gehrie E, Van der Touw W, Bromberg JS, Ochando JC. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tolerance. Methods Mol Biol 677: 127-147, 2011.
65. Shimizu J, Iida R, Sato Y, Morizumi E, Nishikawa A, Ishida Y. Cross-linking of CD45 on Suppressive/Regulatory T Cells leads to the abrogation of their suppressive activity in vitro. J Immunol 174 (7): 4090-4097, 2005.