Predicting Survival from In-Hospital CPR: An Update
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HAINES, Christopher; LOVE, Gillian.
Predicting Survival from In-Hospital CPR: An Update.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 3, mar. 2020.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2038>. Date accessed: 03 july 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v8i3.2038.
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Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2015 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released December 2016. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2015, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.
2. Deaths and Mortality. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm. Published 20017. Accessed December 27, 2019.
3. Jacobs I, Nadkarni V, and the ILCOR Task Force on Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcomes. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: update and simplification of the Utstein templates for resuscitation registries: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2004; 110:3385–3397.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple Cause of Death, 1999–2016. CDC WONDER Online Database [database online]. Released December 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
5. Benjamin E, Muntner P, Alfonso A, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;377-400.
6. Go A, Mozaffarian D, Roger V, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 129:28–292.
7. Galea S, Blaney S, Nandi A, et al. Explaining racial disparities in incidence of and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166:534–543.
8. Rea T, Pearce R, Raghunathan T, et al. Incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93:1455–1460.
9. Chiuve S, Fung T, Rexrode K, et al. Adherence to a low-risk, healthy lifestyle and risk of sudden cardiac death among women. JAMA. 2011;306:62–69.
10. Maron B, Doerer J, Haas T, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085– 1092.
11. Harmon K, Asif I, Klossner D, et al. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes. Circulation. 2011; 123:1594–1600.
12. Ouellette L, Puro A, Weatherhead J, et al. Public knowledge and perceptions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): Results of a multicenter survey. AM J Emerg Med. 2018;36(10):1900-1901.
13. American Heart Association. CPR & first aid: emergency cardiovascular care. http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/General/UCM_477263_Cardiac-Arrest-Statistics.jsp. Copyright 2019. Accessed December 20, 2019.
14. American Heart Association. CPR facts and stats. http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/AboutCPRFirstAid/CPRFactsAndStats/UCM_475748_CPR-Facts-and-Stats.jsp. Copyright 2019. Accessed December 20, 2019.
15. Chugh S, Jui J, Gunson K, et al. Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1268–1275.
16. Fink E, Prince D, Kaltman J, et al. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Unchanged pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and survival rates with regional variation in North America. Resuscitation. 2016;107:121–128.
17. Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival. https://mycares.net. Published 2015. Accessed December 17, 2019.
18. Merchant R, Yang L, Becker L, et al. Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2401–2406.
19. Sandroni C, Ferro G, Santangelo S, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest: survival depends mainly on the effectiveness of the emergency response. Resuscitation. 2004;62(3):291-297.
20. Mallikethi-Reddy S, Briasoulis A, Akintoye E, et al. Incidence and survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in nonelderly adults: US experience, 2007 to 2012. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10:1-9.
21. Bhanji F, Topjian A, Nadkarni V, et al. Survival rates following pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests during nights and weekends. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(1):39-45.
22. Knudson J, Neish S, Cabrera A, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the United States: an analysis of the Kids’ Inpatient Database. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(11):2940–2944.
23. Meaney P, Bobrow B, Mancini, M, et al. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: Improving Cardiac Resuscitation Outcomes Both Inside and Outside the Hospital. A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;417-435.
24. Berdowski J, Berg R, Tijssen J, et al. Global incidences of out- of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 pro- spective studies. Resuscitation. 2010;81:1479–1487.
25. Travers A, Rea T, Bobrow B, et al. Part 4: CPR over- view: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(3):S676–S684.
26. Neumar R, Otto C, Link M, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care [published correction appears in Circulation. 2011;123:e236]. Circulation. 2010;122(3):S729–S767.
27. Kleinman M, Chameides L, Schexnayder S, et al. Part 14: pediatric advanced life sup- port: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(3):S876–S908.
28. Marco C, Larkin G. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: knowledge and opinions among the U.S. general public. Resuscitation. 2008;79(3):480-498.
29. Jones G, Brewer K, Garrison H. Public expectations of survival following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emer Med. 2000;4:48-53.
30. Shif Y, Doshi P, Almoosa K. What CPR means to surrogate decision makers of ICU patients. Resuscitation. 2015;90:73-78.
31. Jones K, Garg M, Bali D, et al. The knowledge and perceptions of medical personnel relating to outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2006;69(2):235-239.
32. Girotra S, Nallamothu B, Spertus J, et al. Trends in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2012;267:1912-1920.
33. Kurz M, Donnelly J, Wang H. Variations in survival after cardiac arrest among academic medical center-affiliated hospitals. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0178793.
34. Chan P, Nichol G, Krumholz H, et al. American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR) Investigators. Racial differences in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2009;302:1195–1201.
35. Dolmatova E, Moazzami K, Klapholz M, et al. Impact of hospital teaching status on mortality, length of stay and cost among patients with cardiac arrest in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118:668–672.
36. Moler F, Meert K, Donaldson A, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. In-hospital versus out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7):2259–2267.
37. Reis A, Nadkarni V, Perondi M, et al. A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics. 2002;109(2):200–209.
38. Girotra S, van Diepen S, Nallamothu B, et al. In collaboration with CARES Surveillance Group and the HeartRescue Project. Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival in the United States. Circulation. 2016;133:2159–2168.
39. Ralston S, Voorhees W, Babbs C. Intrapulmonary epinephrine during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved regional blood flow and resuscitation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:79–86.
40. Michael J, Guerci A, Koehler R, et al. Mechanisms by which epinephrine augments cerebral and myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation. 1984;69:822–835.
41. Halperin H, Tsitlik J, Guerci A, et al. Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation. 1986;73:539–550.
42. Rubertsson S, Karlsten R. Increased cortical cerebral blood flow with LUCAS, a new device for mechanical chest compressions compared to standard external compressions during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2005;65:357–363.
43. What is CPR? American Heart Association CPR & FIrst Aid. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resources/what-is-cpr. Copyright 2019. Accessed December 20, 2019.
44. Krarup N, Terkelsen C, Johnsen S, et al. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is hampered by interruptions in chest compressions—a nationwide prospective feasibility study. Resuscitation 2011;82:263–69.
45. Perkins G, Lall R, Quinn T, et al. Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;325(9971):947-55.
46. Chan P, Berg R, Spertus J, et al. Risk-standardizing survival for in-hospital cardiac arrest to facilitate hospital comparisons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(7):601-609.
47. Larkin G, Copes W, Nathanson B, et al. Pre-resuscitation factors associated with mortality in 49,130 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2010;81(3):302-311.
48. Torres A, Pickert C, Firestone J, et al. Long-term functional outcome of inpatient pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13(6):369-373.
49. Morgan R, Fizgerald J, Weiss S, et al. Sepsis-associated in-hospital cardiac arrest: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. J Crit Care. 2017;40:128-135.
50. Reisfield G, Wallace S, Munsell M, et al. Survival in cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2006;71:152-160.
51. Kjorstad O, Haugen D. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in palliative care cancer patients. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke. 2013;133(4):417–421.
52. Giza D, Rodrigo M, Crommett J, et al. Impact of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the survival of patients with cancer: DNR before or after cardiac arrest? J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:71.
53. Arcand M. End-of-life issues in advanced dementia: Part 1: goals of care, decision-making process, and family education. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61(4):330–334.
54. Ebell M, Becker L, Barry H, et al. Survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(12):805–16.
55. Ghusn H, Teasdale T, Pepe P, et al. Older nursing home residents have a cardiac arrest survival rate similar to that of older persons living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(5):520–7.
56. Volicer L. End-of-life care for people with dementia in residential care settings. Alzheimer’s Association. 2005.
57. Cohn E, Lefevre F, Yarnold P, et al. Predicting survival from in-hospital CPR: a meta-analysis and validation of a prediction model. J Gen Intern Med. 1993;8(7):347-53.
58. Sadhu J, Rich M. Outcomes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Cardiac Failure. 2015;21(8):S5.
59. Stapleton R, Ehlenbach W, Deyo R, et al. Long-term outcomes after in-hospital CPR in older adults with chronic illness. Chest. 2014;146(5):1214-1225.
60. Peberdy M, Ornato J, Larkin G, et al. National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA. 2008;299(7):785–792.
61. Shavelle D, Bosson N, Thomas J, et al. Outcomes of ST elevation myocardial infarction complicated by out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (from the Los Angeles County Regional System). Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:729–733.
62. Sasson C, Magid D, Chan P, et al. CARES Surveillance Group. Association of neighborhood characteristics with bystander-initiated CPR. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1607–1615.
63. Moon S, Bobrow B, Vadeboncoeur T, et al. Disparities in bystander CPR provision and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to neighborhood ethnicity. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32:1041–1045.
64. Anderson M, Cox M, Al-Khatib S, et al. Rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:194–201.
65. Morgan R, Westmoreland C. Survey of junior hospital doctors' attitudes to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:413-415.
2. Deaths and Mortality. National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm. Published 20017. Accessed December 27, 2019.
3. Jacobs I, Nadkarni V, and the ILCOR Task Force on Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcomes. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: update and simplification of the Utstein templates for resuscitation registries: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2004; 110:3385–3397.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Multiple Cause of Death, 1999–2016. CDC WONDER Online Database [database online]. Released December 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
5. Benjamin E, Muntner P, Alfonso A, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;377-400.
6. Go A, Mozaffarian D, Roger V, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014; 129:28–292.
7. Galea S, Blaney S, Nandi A, et al. Explaining racial disparities in incidence of and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166:534–543.
8. Rea T, Pearce R, Raghunathan T, et al. Incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93:1455–1460.
9. Chiuve S, Fung T, Rexrode K, et al. Adherence to a low-risk, healthy lifestyle and risk of sudden cardiac death among women. JAMA. 2011;306:62–69.
10. Maron B, Doerer J, Haas T, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085– 1092.
11. Harmon K, Asif I, Klossner D, et al. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes. Circulation. 2011; 123:1594–1600.
12. Ouellette L, Puro A, Weatherhead J, et al. Public knowledge and perceptions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): Results of a multicenter survey. AM J Emerg Med. 2018;36(10):1900-1901.
13. American Heart Association. CPR & first aid: emergency cardiovascular care. http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/General/UCM_477263_Cardiac-Arrest-Statistics.jsp. Copyright 2019. Accessed December 20, 2019.
14. American Heart Association. CPR facts and stats. http://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/AboutCPRFirstAid/CPRFactsAndStats/UCM_475748_CPR-Facts-and-Stats.jsp. Copyright 2019. Accessed December 20, 2019.
15. Chugh S, Jui J, Gunson K, et al. Current burden of sudden cardiac death: multiple source surveillance versus retrospective death certificate-based review in a large U.S. community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1268–1275.
16. Fink E, Prince D, Kaltman J, et al. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Unchanged pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and survival rates with regional variation in North America. Resuscitation. 2016;107:121–128.
17. Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival. https://mycares.net. Published 2015. Accessed December 17, 2019.
18. Merchant R, Yang L, Becker L, et al. Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:2401–2406.
19. Sandroni C, Ferro G, Santangelo S, et al. In-hospital cardiac arrest: survival depends mainly on the effectiveness of the emergency response. Resuscitation. 2004;62(3):291-297.
20. Mallikethi-Reddy S, Briasoulis A, Akintoye E, et al. Incidence and survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in nonelderly adults: US experience, 2007 to 2012. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10:1-9.
21. Bhanji F, Topjian A, Nadkarni V, et al. Survival rates following pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests during nights and weekends. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(1):39-45.
22. Knudson J, Neish S, Cabrera A, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the United States: an analysis of the Kids’ Inpatient Database. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(11):2940–2944.
23. Meaney P, Bobrow B, Mancini, M, et al. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: Improving Cardiac Resuscitation Outcomes Both Inside and Outside the Hospital. A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;417-435.
24. Berdowski J, Berg R, Tijssen J, et al. Global incidences of out- of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 pro- spective studies. Resuscitation. 2010;81:1479–1487.
25. Travers A, Rea T, Bobrow B, et al. Part 4: CPR over- view: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(3):S676–S684.
26. Neumar R, Otto C, Link M, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care [published correction appears in Circulation. 2011;123:e236]. Circulation. 2010;122(3):S729–S767.
27. Kleinman M, Chameides L, Schexnayder S, et al. Part 14: pediatric advanced life sup- port: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(3):S876–S908.
28. Marco C, Larkin G. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: knowledge and opinions among the U.S. general public. Resuscitation. 2008;79(3):480-498.
29. Jones G, Brewer K, Garrison H. Public expectations of survival following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emer Med. 2000;4:48-53.
30. Shif Y, Doshi P, Almoosa K. What CPR means to surrogate decision makers of ICU patients. Resuscitation. 2015;90:73-78.
31. Jones K, Garg M, Bali D, et al. The knowledge and perceptions of medical personnel relating to outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2006;69(2):235-239.
32. Girotra S, Nallamothu B, Spertus J, et al. Trends in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2012;267:1912-1920.
33. Kurz M, Donnelly J, Wang H. Variations in survival after cardiac arrest among academic medical center-affiliated hospitals. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0178793.
34. Chan P, Nichol G, Krumholz H, et al. American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR) Investigators. Racial differences in survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2009;302:1195–1201.
35. Dolmatova E, Moazzami K, Klapholz M, et al. Impact of hospital teaching status on mortality, length of stay and cost among patients with cardiac arrest in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118:668–672.
36. Moler F, Meert K, Donaldson A, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. In-hospital versus out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7):2259–2267.
37. Reis A, Nadkarni V, Perondi M, et al. A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics. 2002;109(2):200–209.
38. Girotra S, van Diepen S, Nallamothu B, et al. In collaboration with CARES Surveillance Group and the HeartRescue Project. Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival in the United States. Circulation. 2016;133:2159–2168.
39. Ralston S, Voorhees W, Babbs C. Intrapulmonary epinephrine during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved regional blood flow and resuscitation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:79–86.
40. Michael J, Guerci A, Koehler R, et al. Mechanisms by which epinephrine augments cerebral and myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation. 1984;69:822–835.
41. Halperin H, Tsitlik J, Guerci A, et al. Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation. 1986;73:539–550.
42. Rubertsson S, Karlsten R. Increased cortical cerebral blood flow with LUCAS, a new device for mechanical chest compressions compared to standard external compressions during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2005;65:357–363.
43. What is CPR? American Heart Association CPR & FIrst Aid. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resources/what-is-cpr. Copyright 2019. Accessed December 20, 2019.
44. Krarup N, Terkelsen C, Johnsen S, et al. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is hampered by interruptions in chest compressions—a nationwide prospective feasibility study. Resuscitation 2011;82:263–69.
45. Perkins G, Lall R, Quinn T, et al. Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;325(9971):947-55.
46. Chan P, Berg R, Spertus J, et al. Risk-standardizing survival for in-hospital cardiac arrest to facilitate hospital comparisons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(7):601-609.
47. Larkin G, Copes W, Nathanson B, et al. Pre-resuscitation factors associated with mortality in 49,130 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2010;81(3):302-311.
48. Torres A, Pickert C, Firestone J, et al. Long-term functional outcome of inpatient pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13(6):369-373.
49. Morgan R, Fizgerald J, Weiss S, et al. Sepsis-associated in-hospital cardiac arrest: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. J Crit Care. 2017;40:128-135.
50. Reisfield G, Wallace S, Munsell M, et al. Survival in cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2006;71:152-160.
51. Kjorstad O, Haugen D. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in palliative care cancer patients. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke. 2013;133(4):417–421.
52. Giza D, Rodrigo M, Crommett J, et al. Impact of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the survival of patients with cancer: DNR before or after cardiac arrest? J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:71.
53. Arcand M. End-of-life issues in advanced dementia: Part 1: goals of care, decision-making process, and family education. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61(4):330–334.
54. Ebell M, Becker L, Barry H, et al. Survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(12):805–16.
55. Ghusn H, Teasdale T, Pepe P, et al. Older nursing home residents have a cardiac arrest survival rate similar to that of older persons living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(5):520–7.
56. Volicer L. End-of-life care for people with dementia in residential care settings. Alzheimer’s Association. 2005.
57. Cohn E, Lefevre F, Yarnold P, et al. Predicting survival from in-hospital CPR: a meta-analysis and validation of a prediction model. J Gen Intern Med. 1993;8(7):347-53.
58. Sadhu J, Rich M. Outcomes after cardiopulmonary resuscitation among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Cardiac Failure. 2015;21(8):S5.
59. Stapleton R, Ehlenbach W, Deyo R, et al. Long-term outcomes after in-hospital CPR in older adults with chronic illness. Chest. 2014;146(5):1214-1225.
60. Peberdy M, Ornato J, Larkin G, et al. National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators. Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA. 2008;299(7):785–792.
61. Shavelle D, Bosson N, Thomas J, et al. Outcomes of ST elevation myocardial infarction complicated by out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (from the Los Angeles County Regional System). Am J Cardiol. 2017;120:729–733.
62. Sasson C, Magid D, Chan P, et al. CARES Surveillance Group. Association of neighborhood characteristics with bystander-initiated CPR. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1607–1615.
63. Moon S, Bobrow B, Vadeboncoeur T, et al. Disparities in bystander CPR provision and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to neighborhood ethnicity. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32:1041–1045.
64. Anderson M, Cox M, Al-Khatib S, et al. Rates of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:194–201.
65. Morgan R, Westmoreland C. Survey of junior hospital doctors' attitudes to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:413-415.