Applicability of a new driving training protocol for post-stroke clients
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background - Very little is known about driving training techniques for post-stroke clients and there is a need to regroup the most efficient and feasible techniques to improve this important aspect of rehabilitation. Survey’s results and a literature review recently highlighted the relevance of creating a new driving training protocol for subjects with stroke and cognitive limitations. The objectives of this research article are to present the development of a new driving protocol and show its applicability was tested in clinical context.
Methods - The 1st research design was a content validation to ensure the choice of the driving training methods and the elaboration of the training protocol in 9 levels. A pilot was done to pre-test its applicability (2nd research design). The setting of the research was in a Driving rehabilitation program in a rehab center. The participants involved were occupational therapist specialists (n=5) and post-stroke clients (n=5). On road re-evaluation was used, as well as off-road evaluations before and after the training protocol: Motor Free Visual Test, Trail Making Test, Useful Field Of View, Bells Test and Automatic Brake Reaction Timer.
Results - Adapted commentary driving and on-road training were perceived as being the most effective training methods. The protocol was feasible: training was completed in one month with 100% of participation. Three to seven training sessions (one hour) were needed to complete the 6 levels of adapted commentary driving and, to achieve the last 3 levels of the protocol, 4 behind-the-wheel training sessions were done.
Conclusion - This clinical protocol gives a better tool to rehabilitation specialists to train their post-stroke clients having cognitive limitations considering the specific and complex demands of the activity of driving.
Article Details
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
Ball, K., Beard, B.L., Roencker, D.L., Miller, R.L., & Griggs, D.S. (1988). Age and visual search: expanding the useful field of view. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 5, 2210-9.
Ball, K., & Owsley, C. (1992). The useful field of view test: a new technique for evaluating age-related declines in visual function. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 63, 71-9.
Belchior, P.D. (2007). Cognitive training with video games to improve driving skills. Doctoral dissertation research, University of Florida, 209 pp.
Bouska, M.J., & Kwatny, E. (1982). Manual for application of the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test to the adult population. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center.
Classen, S., Horgas, A., Awadzi, K., Messinger-Rapport, B., Shechtman, O., & Joo, Y.S. (2008). Clinical predictors of older driver performance on a standardized road test. Traffic Injury Prevention, 9(5), 456-62.
Colarusso, R.P., & Hammill, D.D. (1972). MVPT Manual. Motor-free visual perception test. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications.
Corriveau. D. (1997). Techniques de conduite avancées [Advanced driving technique] . Ottawa, ON: Les Éditions dynamiques.
Corriveau, D., & Bernard, L. (2008) Techniques de conduite préventive [Defensive driving technique]. Nicolet, QC: Denis Corriveau.
Couture, M., Vincent, C., & Gelinas, I. (2012). Enquête concernant l’entraînement des fonctions cognitives en vue de la conduite automobile. ErgOThérapies, 47, 5-14.
Crotty, M., & George, S. (2009). Retraining visual processing skills to improve driving ability after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(12), 2096-102.
Dickerson, A., Reistetter, T., Parnell, M., Robinson, S., Stone, K., & Whitley, K. (2008). Standardizing the RT-2S brake reaction time tester. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 27(2), 96-106.
Fillion, G. (2010). Conduite ergo dirigée en réadaptation [OT modified commentary driving in rehabilitation]. Course Notes, Entraînement des capacités à conduire [Training to drive]. Montreal, PQ: McGill University.
Fisk, G.D, Owsley, C., & Pulley, L.V. (1997). Driving after stroke: Driving exposure, advice, and evaluations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78, 1338-45.
Galski, T., Bruno, L.R. & Ehle, H.T. (1992). Driving after cerebral damage: a model with implications for evaluation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46, 324-32.
Gauthier, L., Dehaut, F. & Joannette, Y. (1989). The Bells Test: a quantitative and qualitative test for visual neglect. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 49-54.
Gershkoff, A.M., & Finestone, H.M. (2009). Driving after stroke. In Stein J, Zorowitz R, Harvey R, Macko R, Winstein C, eds. Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing, p 697-711.
Griffen, J.A., Rapport, L.J., Bryer, R.C., & Scott, C.A. (2009). Driving status and community integration after stroke. Topics in Stoke Rehabilitation, 16 (3), 212-21.
Jones, R., Giddens, H., & Croft, D. (1983). Assessment and training of brain-damaged drivers. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 37(11), 754-60.
Kewman, D.G., Seigerman, C., Kintner, H., Chu, S., Henson. D., & Reeder, C. (1985). Simulation training on psychomotor skills, teaching the brain-injured to drive. Rehabilitation Psychology, 30(1), 11-27.
Klonoff, P.S., Olson, K.C., Talley, K.L.H., Myles, S.M., Gehrels, J.A., & Dawson, L.K. (2010). The relationship of cognitive retraining to neurological patients’ driving status: The role of process variables and compensation training. Brain Injury, 24(2), 63-73.
Legh-Smith, J., Wade, D.T., & Langton Hewer, R. (1986). Driving after a stroke. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 79, 200-3.
Marshall, S.C., Molnar, F., Man-Son-Hing, M., Blair, R., Brosseau, L, Finestone, H.M. et al. (2007). Predictors of driving ability following stroke: a systematic review. Topics in Stoke Rehabilitation, 14(1), 98-114.
Mazer, B.L., Korner-Bitensk, N., & Sofer, S. (1998). Predicting ability to drive after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79(7), 743-50.
Mazer, B.L., Sofer, S., Korner-Bitensky, N., Gelinas, I., Hanley, J., & Wood-Dauphinee, S. (2003). Effectiveness of a visual attention retraining program on the driving performance of clients with stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 541-50.
Michon, J.A. (1985). A critical view of driver behaviour models. In: Evans, L., Schwing, R.C., eds. Human Behavior and Traffic Safety. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Myers, R.S., Ball, K.K., Kalina, T.D., Roth, D., & Goode, K.T. (2000). Relation of useful field of view and other screening tests to on-road driving performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 279-90.
Petzold, A., Korner-Bitensky, N., Rochette, A., Teasell, R., Marshall, S., & Perrier, M.J. (2010). Driving post-stroke: problem identification, assessment use, and interventions offered by Canadian occupational therapists. Topics in Stoke Rehabilitation, 17(5), 371-9.
Quigley, F.L., & DeLisa, J.A. (1983). Assessing the driving potential of cerebral vascular accident patients. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 37(7), 474-8.
Ranney, T.A. (1994). Models of driving behaviour: A review of their evolution. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 26(6), 733-50.
Sivak, M., Hill, C.S., Henson, D.L., Butler, B.P., Silber, S.M., & Olson, P.L. (1984). Improved driving performance following perceptual training in persons with brain damage. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65, 163-6.
Söderstrom, S.T., Pettersson, R.P., & Leppert, J. (2006). Prediction of driving ability after stroke and the effect of behind-the-wheel training. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 419-29.
Strauss, E., Sherman, E.M.S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, p 655-77.