Update on Reversibility of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Consequences
Main Article Content
Abstract
Many medical conditions have been reported to be consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults. Some reports discuss the reversibility of those conditions just by overcoming the OSA, usually by the patients’ adherence to continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) therapy used during sleep. This article updates a previously reported tabulated list of OSA consequences, now including thirty-one OSA consequences in adults, based on a review of the literature. The OSA consequences are categorized according to whether they have been reported to be reversible (at least partially) just by overcoming the OSA, not reversible, or their reversibility has not yet been reported. There are life-threatening conditions in each category, and the conditions cover a wide range of medical specializations. This updated list could be beneficial to many medical practitioners to support their diagnosis and treatment of OSA’s consequences, and of OSA itself. This approach is a back-up for the better practice of routine screening for sleep apnea, leading to its diagnostic testing and treatment when warranted, with the aim of greatly reducing the risk for development of these OSA consequences.
Keywords:
sleep apnea, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease, liver disease, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, cancer
Article Details
How to Cite
ABRAMS, Burton.
Update on Reversibility of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Consequences.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 4, apr. 2020.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2082>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v8i4.2082.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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syndrome in therapy with continuous positive airway pressure: evaluation of blood pressure,
cardiovascular risk markers and exercise tolerance. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Nov;
23(21):9612-24.
9. Mesarwi OA, Loomba R, Malhotra A. Obstructive sleep apnea, hypoxia, and nonalcoholic
fatty liver disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Apr; 199(7):830-41.
10. Kim D, Ahmed A, Kushida C. Continuous positive airway therapy on nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Aug; 14(8):1315-22.
11. Peker Y, Balcan B. Cardiovascular outcomes of continuous positive airway pressure for
obstructive sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis. 2018 Dec; 10(Suppl 34):S4262-79.
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15. Tsai MS, Li HY, Huang CG, et al. Risk of alzheimer’s disease in obstructive sleep apnea patients
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length and SIRT1 in obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Mar; 23(3):1397-1405.
17. Mandal S, Kent BD. Obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease. J Thorac Dis.
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depression caused by obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2019 Apr; 129(4):1005-9.
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27. Thavaraputta S, Dennis JA, Laoveeravat P. Hypothyroidism and its association with sleep
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28. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea and inflammation: proof of concept
based on two illustrative cytokines. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan; 20(3): pii E459.
29. Nguyen CD, Holty JC. Does untreated obstructive sleep apnea cause secondary
erythrocytosis? Respir Med. 2017 Sep; 130:27-34.
30. Hillmisson H, Sveinsdottir E, Lange H, Magnusdottir S. Insomnia symptoms in primary care:
A prospective study focusing on prevalence of undiagnosed comorbid sleep disordered
breathing. Eur J Intern Med; 2019 Jan. pii: S0953-6205(19)30024-X.
31. Pellegrini M, Bernabel F, Friehmann A, Giannaccare G. Obstructive sleep apnea and
keratonus: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 202 Jan; 97(1):9-14.
32. Calcaianu G, Bresson D, Calcaianu M, et al. The importance of apneic events in obstructive
sleep apnea associated with acute coronary syndrome. Sleep Disord. 2019 Jan;
2019:6039147.
33. Brown DL, Shaffie-Khorassani F, Kim S, et al. Sleep-disordered is associated with recurrent
ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2019 Mar; 50(3):571-6.
34. Feng Y, Zhang Z, Dong ZZ. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on
glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity and body mass index in patients with obstructive sleep
apnoea and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. npj Prim Care Respir
Med. 2015 Feb; 25:15005.
35. Labarca G, Reyes T, Jorquera J, et al. CPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and type
2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2018 Aug;
12(8):2361-8.
36. Sillah A, Watson NF, Schwartz SM, et al. Sleep apnea and subsequent cancer incidence.
Cancer Causes Control. 2018 Oct; 29(10):987-94.
37. Povitz M, Kandenska T, Hanly PJ, et al. Profile of CPAP treated patients in Ontario, Canada,
2006-13: a population-based cohort study. Sleep Med. 2018 Nov; 51:22-28.
38. Hunyor I, Cook KM. Models of intermittent hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnea: molecular
pathways and their contribution to cancer. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018
Oct; 315(4):R669-87.
39. Asker M, Asker S. Sleep apnea in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis.
2015 May; 24(3):325-30.
40. Linhart, M, Sinning JM, Ghanem A, et al. Prevalence and impact of sleep disordered breathing
in patients with severe aortic stenosis. PLoS One, 2015 July; 10(7) e0133176. .
41. Abrams B. Monosodium urate as a biomarker for obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Disor Treat
Care. 2017; 6(2).
42. Mandell BF. A link between A-fib and sleep apnea is no surprise, but why? Cleve Clin J Med. 2019
Nov; 86(11):706-7.
43. Sahebjami H. Changes in urinary uric acid excretion in obstructive sleep apnea before and after
therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Chest 1998 June; 113(6):1604-8.
44. Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen year follow-up
of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep. 2008 Aug; 31(8):1071-8.
45. Marshall N, Wong KK, Liu PY, et al. Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality:
the Busselton Health Study. Sleep. 2008 Aug; 31(8):1079-85.
46. Family Practice News. 2008 Aug 1.
3(1):1012.
2. Abrams B. Viewing gout as an early symptom of sleep apnea. JSM Arthritis. 2017; 2(1):1023.
3. Geovanini GR, Lorenzi-Filko G. Cardiac rhythm disorders in obstructive sleep apnea.
J Thorac Dis. 2018 Dec; 10(Suppl 34):S4221-30.
4. Toraldo DM, De Benedetto M, Scoditti E, De Nuccio F. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome:
coagulation anomalies and treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Breath.
2016 May; 20(2):457-65.
5. Koga S, Ikeda S, Yasunaga T, et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on
the glomerular filtration rate in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Intern Med.
2013; 52(3):345-9.
6. Li X, Liu C, Zhang H, et al. Effect of 12-month nasal continuous positive airway pressure
therapy for obstructive sleep apnea on progression of chronic kidney disease. Medicine
(Baltimore). 2019 Feb; 98(8):e14545.
7. Kim D, Shim CY, Cho YJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure restores cardiac
mechanical function in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized sham-
controlled study. J An Soc Endocardiogr. 2019 Jul; 32(7):826-35.
8. Lai S, Mordenti M, Mangiulli M, et al. Resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea
syndrome in therapy with continuous positive airway pressure: evaluation of blood pressure,
cardiovascular risk markers and exercise tolerance. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Nov;
23(21):9612-24.
9. Mesarwi OA, Loomba R, Malhotra A. Obstructive sleep apnea, hypoxia, and nonalcoholic
fatty liver disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Apr; 199(7):830-41.
10. Kim D, Ahmed A, Kushida C. Continuous positive airway therapy on nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Aug; 14(8):1315-22.
11. Peker Y, Balcan B. Cardiovascular outcomes of continuous positive airway pressure for
obstructive sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis. 2018 Dec; 10(Suppl 34):S4262-79.
12. Park HK, Paick SH, Kim HG, et al. Nocturia improvement with surgical correction of sleep
apnea. Int Neurourol J. 2016 Dec; 20(4):324-39.
13. Turner K, Zambrelli E, Lavolpe S, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: neurocognitive and
behavioral functions before and after treatment. Funct Neurol. 2019 Apr/Jun; 34(2):71-78.
14. Ciccone M, Favale S, Sciccchitano P, et al. Reversibility of the endothelial dysfunction after
CPAP therapy in OSAS ptientts. Intl J Cardiol. 2012 July; 158(3): 383-6.
15. Tsai MS, Li HY, Huang CG, et al. Risk of alzheimer’s disease in obstructive sleep apnea patients
with or without treatment: Real-world evidence. Laryngoscope. 2020 Feb. doi: 10.1002/lary.28558.
16. Lin CC, Wang HY, Liaw SF, et al. Effect of oral appliance on circulating leukocyte telomere
length and SIRT1 in obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Oral Investig. 2019 Mar; 23(3):1397-1405.
17. Mandal S, Kent BD. Obstructive sleep apnea and coronary artery disease. J Thorac Dis.
2018 Dec; 10(Suppl 34):S4212-20.
18. Szymanski FM, Gorko D, Platek AE, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients
with peripheral artery disease. Sleep Breath. 2019 Nov. doi: 10.1007/s11325-019-01950-z.
19. Barros D, Garcia-Rio F. Obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia. From animal models to
clinical evidence. Sleep. 2019 Mar; 42(3):zsy 236.
20. Yoshihisa A, Takeishi Y. Sleep disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease. J Atheroscler
Thromb. 2019 Apr; 26(4):315-27.
21. Cho JH, Suh JD, Han KD, Lee HM. Uvulopalatopharangoplasty reduces the incidence of
depression caused by obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2019 Apr; 129(4):1005-9.
22. Kang JH, Lin HC. Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of autoimmune diseases: a
longitudinal population based study. Sleep Med. 2012 Jun; 13(6):583-8.
23. Abrams B. Long-term sleep apnea as a pathogenic factor for cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
Med Hypotheses. 2005; 65(6):1024-7.
24. Buse DC, Rains JC, Pavlovic JM, et al. Sleep disorders among people with migraine: Results
From the chronic migraine epidemiology and outcomes (CaMEO) study. Headache, 2019
Jan; 59(1):32-45.
25. Chen Y, Xiong L, Zeng J, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with high risk
of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Nov; 57(11):824-9.
26. Hadi YB, Khan AA, Nagvi SFZ, Kupec LT. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated
with an increased risk of Barrett’s esophagus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Jul;
doi: 10.1111/jgh.14779.
27. Thavaraputta S, Dennis JA, Laoveeravat P. Hypothyroidism and its association with sleep
Apnea among adults in the United States: NHANES 2007-2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2019 Jul; pii: jc2019-01132. doi: 1210/jc2019-01132.
28. Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea and inflammation: proof of concept
based on two illustrative cytokines. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan; 20(3): pii E459.
29. Nguyen CD, Holty JC. Does untreated obstructive sleep apnea cause secondary
erythrocytosis? Respir Med. 2017 Sep; 130:27-34.
30. Hillmisson H, Sveinsdottir E, Lange H, Magnusdottir S. Insomnia symptoms in primary care:
A prospective study focusing on prevalence of undiagnosed comorbid sleep disordered
breathing. Eur J Intern Med; 2019 Jan. pii: S0953-6205(19)30024-X.
31. Pellegrini M, Bernabel F, Friehmann A, Giannaccare G. Obstructive sleep apnea and
keratonus: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 202 Jan; 97(1):9-14.
32. Calcaianu G, Bresson D, Calcaianu M, et al. The importance of apneic events in obstructive
sleep apnea associated with acute coronary syndrome. Sleep Disord. 2019 Jan;
2019:6039147.
33. Brown DL, Shaffie-Khorassani F, Kim S, et al. Sleep-disordered is associated with recurrent
ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2019 Mar; 50(3):571-6.
34. Feng Y, Zhang Z, Dong ZZ. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on
glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity and body mass index in patients with obstructive sleep
apnoea and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. npj Prim Care Respir
Med. 2015 Feb; 25:15005.
35. Labarca G, Reyes T, Jorquera J, et al. CPAP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and type
2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2018 Aug;
12(8):2361-8.
36. Sillah A, Watson NF, Schwartz SM, et al. Sleep apnea and subsequent cancer incidence.
Cancer Causes Control. 2018 Oct; 29(10):987-94.
37. Povitz M, Kandenska T, Hanly PJ, et al. Profile of CPAP treated patients in Ontario, Canada,
2006-13: a population-based cohort study. Sleep Med. 2018 Nov; 51:22-28.
38. Hunyor I, Cook KM. Models of intermittent hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnea: molecular
pathways and their contribution to cancer. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018
Oct; 315(4):R669-87.
39. Asker M, Asker S. Sleep apnea in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis.
2015 May; 24(3):325-30.
40. Linhart, M, Sinning JM, Ghanem A, et al. Prevalence and impact of sleep disordered breathing
in patients with severe aortic stenosis. PLoS One, 2015 July; 10(7) e0133176. .
41. Abrams B. Monosodium urate as a biomarker for obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Disor Treat
Care. 2017; 6(2).
42. Mandell BF. A link between A-fib and sleep apnea is no surprise, but why? Cleve Clin J Med. 2019
Nov; 86(11):706-7.
43. Sahebjami H. Changes in urinary uric acid excretion in obstructive sleep apnea before and after
therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Chest 1998 June; 113(6):1604-8.
44. Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen year follow-up
of the Wisconsin sleep cohort. Sleep. 2008 Aug; 31(8):1071-8.
45. Marshall N, Wong KK, Liu PY, et al. Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality:
the Busselton Health Study. Sleep. 2008 Aug; 31(8):1079-85.
46. Family Practice News. 2008 Aug 1.