Time Orientation Needs To Be Considered When Engaging In Cardiovasculr Risk Counseling With South Asians
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Healthcare providers tend to have a future orientation when discussing disease risk with patients. It is unclear whether this approach is effective with south Asians relative to Whites residing in Canada.
Methods: This was an exploratory study in which south Asian (100) and White (100) people were surveyed using the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Mean subscale scores and their ranking were compared between ethnic, ethnic and sex, as well as ethnic and age groups.
Results: South Asians had higher present-fatalistic and future time orientation scores than Whites. South Asians who had immigrated >5 years ago (and who were older), had higher present-fatalistic, but not future orientation scores, than those who had immigrated more recently or who were Canadian-born (and were younger). Women (particularly south Asian women) had higher past-negative and present-fatalistic scores than men. South Asians >65 years had higher past-negative, present-hedonistic, and present-fatalistic than Whites. Past-positive was differentially ranked highest by the greatest proportion of both south Asians (39%) and Whites (66%).
Conclusions: Present-fatalistic orientations are associated with certain subgroups of the south Asians studied (those who had immigrated to Canada >5 years previously, were older, or were women). The findings question the appropriateness of delivering future-oriented health promotion interventions to south Asians, who may be more fatalistic.
Keywords:
time orientation, south Asian, survey
Article Details
How to Cite
KING-SHIER, Kathryn et al.
Time Orientation Needs To Be Considered When Engaging In Cardiovasculr Risk Counseling With South Asians.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 6, june 2020.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2139>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v8i6.2139.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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35. Musselwhite K, Cuff L, McGregor L, King KM. The telephone interview: An effective method of data collection in nursing research. Intern J Nurs Stud. 2007;44:1064-1070.
36. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time into perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J Person Soc Psychol. 1999;77:1271-1288.
37. Adams J, Nettle D. 2009. Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study. Brit J Health Psychol. 2009;14:83-105.
38. Livneh H, Martz E. Reactions to diabetes and their relationship to time orientation. Intern J Rehab Res. 2007;30:127-136.
39. Jowsey T, Ward NJ, Gardner K. Agents in time: Representations of chronic illness. Health Sociol Rev. 2013;22:243-254.
40. Sarkar U, Fishe, L, Schillinger D. Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy? Diabet Care. 2006;29: 823–829.
41. Katch H, Meed H. The role of self-efficacy in cardiovascular disease self-management: A review of effective programs. Pat Intell. 2010;2:33-44.
42. O’Malley AS, Kerner JF, Johnson L. Are we getting the message out to all? Am J Prevent Med. 1999;17:198-202.
43. Friedman, D.B., Laditka, J.N., Hunter, R, Ivey, S.L., Wu, B, Laditka, S.B., et al. Getting the message out about cognitive health: A cross cultural comparison of older adults’ media awareness and communications needs on how to maintain a healthy brain. Gerontol. 2009;49: S50-S60.
44. Nicholson WK, Grason HA, Powe NR. The relationship of race to women’s use of health information resources. Am J Obstet Gyn. 2003;188:580-558.
45. Hallows KM. Health information literacy and the elderly: Has the internet had an impact? Ser Librar. 2013;65:39–55.
46. Brodie M, Flournoy RE, Altman DE, Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Rosenbaum MD. Health information. The internet and the digital divide. Health Affairs. 2000;19:255-265.
47. Wiltshier J, Cronin K, Sarto G, Brown R. Self-advocacy during the medical encounter: Use of health information and racial/ethnic differences. Med Care 2006;44:100-109.
48. Kakai H, Maskarinec G, Shumay DM, Tatsumura Y, Tasaki K. Ethnic differences in choices of health information by cancer patients using complementary and alternative medicine. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:851-862.
49. Tindall NTJ, Vardeman-Winter J. Complications in segmenting campaign publics: Women of color explain their problems, involvement, and constraints in reading heart disease communication. Howard J Communic. 2011;22:280-301.
50. Canadian Institutes of Health Research. c2013. Strategy for patient-oriented research. Available from: http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/41204.html
51. Scott TL, Gazmararian JA, Williams MV, Baker DW. Health literacy and preventive health care use among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. Med Care. 2002;40:395-404.
52. American Medical Association [Internet]. c2007. Health literacy and patient safety: Help patients understand: Reducing the risk by designing a safer, shame-free health care environment. Available from: https://www.pogoe.org/sites/default/files/Health%20Literacy%20-%20Reducing%20the %20Risk%20by%20Designing%20a%20Safe,%20Shame-Free%20Health%20Care%20 Environment.pdf
2. Khan NA, Grubisic M, Hemmelgarn B, Humphries K, King KM, Quan H. Outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in South Asian, Chinese and White patients. Circ. 2010;122: 1570-1577.
3. Zaman MJS, Philipson P, Chen R, Farag A, Shipley M, Marmot MG, et al. South Asians and coronary disease: Is there discordance between effects on incidence and prognosis? Heart. 2013;99:729-736.
4. Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Byrne NM, Soares MJ, Katulanda P, Hills AP. 2012. Prevalence and trends of the diabetes epidemic in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Publ Health. 2012;12:380.
5. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases part II: Variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circ. 2001;104: 2855-2864.
6. Moser D, Kimble LP, Alberts MJ, Alonzo A, Croft JB, Dracup K, et al. Reducing delay in seeking treatment by patients with acute coronary syndrome and stroke: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Stroke Council. Circ. 2006;114:168-182.
7. Ratner PA, Johnson JL, Mackay M, Tu AW. Knowledge of ‘heart attack’ symptoms in a Canadian urban community. Clin Med: Cardiol. 2008;2:201-213.
8. Ratner PA, Tzianetas R, Tu AW, Johnson JL, Mackay M, Buller CE, et al. Myocardial infarction symptom recognition by the lay public: the role of gender and ethnicity. J Epi Comm Health. 2005;60:606-615.
9. Ens TA, Seneviratne C, Jones CA, Green TL, King-Shier KM. South Asians’ cardiac medication adherence. Euro J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014;13:357-368.
10. Lai EJ, Grubisic M, Palepu A, Quan H, King KM, Khan NA. Cardiac medication prescribing and adherence after acute myocardial infarction in Chinese and South Asian Canadian patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;20:11.
11. Patel M, Phillips-Caesar E, Boutine-Foster C. Barriers to lifestyle behavioral change in migrant South Asian populations. J Immig Min Health. 2012;14:774-785.
12. Ton TGN, Steinman L, Yip M-P, Ly KA, Sin M-K, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Knowledge of cardiovascular health among Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese Immigrants to the US. J Imm Minor Health. 2011;13:127-138.
13. Chan CW, Lopez V, Chung JWY. 2010. “A qualitative study of the perceptions of coronary heart disease among Hong Kong Chinese people”. J Clin Nurs. 2010;20:1151-1159.
14. Zhu L, Ho SC, Sit JWH. The experiences of chines patients with coronary heart disease”. J Clin Nurs. 2011;21:476-484.
15. Mather C, LeBlanc P, King KM. Meanings of the heart among a group of older Sikh immigrant women with cardiovascular disease. Intern J Multip Res Appr. 2007;1:39-51.
16. King KM, LeBlanc P, Sanguins J, Mather CM. Gender-based challenges faced by older Sikh women as immigrants: Recognizing and acting on the risk of coronary artery disease. Can J Nurs Res. 2006;38:16-40.
17. Bedi H, LeBlanc P, McGregor L, Mather C, King KM. Older immigrant Sikh men’s perspective of the challenges of managing coronary heart disease risk. J Men Health. 2008;5: 218-226.
18. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. The time paradox. New York: Free Press; c2008.
19. Galanti, G.A. Caring for patients from different cultures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. c2015.
20. Sansbury B, Dasgupta A, Guthrie L, Ward M. Time perspective and medication adherence among individuals with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Pat Educ Counsel. 2014;94:104-110.
21. Shah A, Kanaya AM. Diabetes and associated complications in the South Asian population. Curr Cardiol Report. 2014;16:476.
22. Hamilton JM, Kives KD, Micevski V, Grace SL. Time perspective and health-promoting behavior in a cardiac rehabilitation population. Behav Med. 2003;28:132-139.
23. Griva F, Tseferidi S-I, Anagnostopoulos F. Time to get healthy: Associations of time perspective with perceived health status and health behaviors. Psychol Health Med. 2005;20:25-33.
24. Guthrie LC, Lessl K, Oninyechukwu O, Ward MM. Time perspective and smoking, obesity, and exercise in a community sample. Am J Health Behav. 2013;37:171-80.
25. Steinberg L, Graham S, O’Brien L, Woolard J, Cauffman E, Banich, M. Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Develop. 2009;80:28-44.
26. Laureiro-Martinez D, Trujillo CA, Unda J. Time perspective and age: A review of age associated differences. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1-8.
27. Pack G, Schwartz HA, Sap M, Kern ML, Weingarten E, Eichstaedt JC, et al. Living in the past, present and future: Measuring temporal orientation with language. Journal of Personality 2016;85(2):1-11.
28. Kluckhohn FR, Strodtbeck FL. Variations in value orientations. Westport: Greenwood Press; c1961.
29. Budhwar PS, Woldu H, Ogbonna E. A comparative analysis of cultural value orientations of Indians and migrant Indians in the USA. Intern J Cross Cult Manag. 2008;8:79-105.
30. Statistics Canada. c2007. The South Asian community in Canada. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.htm#7
31. Calgary Economic Development. c2006. Demographics-ethic origin. Calgary, Canada. Available from: https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/research-and-reports/demographics-lp/ethnic-origin/
32. Allen J, Walsh JA. A construct-based approach to equivalence: Methodologies for cross-cultural/multicultural personality assessment research. In Dana RH, editor. Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; c 2000. p. 63-86.
33. Breslin R. Understanding culture’s influence on behavior. New York: Harcourt Brace; c1993.
34. King KM, Khan N, LeBlanc P, Quan H. Establishing translational and conceptual equivalence of survey questionnaires for a multi-ethnic, multi-language study. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67:2267-2274.
35. Musselwhite K, Cuff L, McGregor L, King KM. The telephone interview: An effective method of data collection in nursing research. Intern J Nurs Stud. 2007;44:1064-1070.
36. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time into perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J Person Soc Psychol. 1999;77:1271-1288.
37. Adams J, Nettle D. 2009. Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study. Brit J Health Psychol. 2009;14:83-105.
38. Livneh H, Martz E. Reactions to diabetes and their relationship to time orientation. Intern J Rehab Res. 2007;30:127-136.
39. Jowsey T, Ward NJ, Gardner K. Agents in time: Representations of chronic illness. Health Sociol Rev. 2013;22:243-254.
40. Sarkar U, Fishe, L, Schillinger D. Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy? Diabet Care. 2006;29: 823–829.
41. Katch H, Meed H. The role of self-efficacy in cardiovascular disease self-management: A review of effective programs. Pat Intell. 2010;2:33-44.
42. O’Malley AS, Kerner JF, Johnson L. Are we getting the message out to all? Am J Prevent Med. 1999;17:198-202.
43. Friedman, D.B., Laditka, J.N., Hunter, R, Ivey, S.L., Wu, B, Laditka, S.B., et al. Getting the message out about cognitive health: A cross cultural comparison of older adults’ media awareness and communications needs on how to maintain a healthy brain. Gerontol. 2009;49: S50-S60.
44. Nicholson WK, Grason HA, Powe NR. The relationship of race to women’s use of health information resources. Am J Obstet Gyn. 2003;188:580-558.
45. Hallows KM. Health information literacy and the elderly: Has the internet had an impact? Ser Librar. 2013;65:39–55.
46. Brodie M, Flournoy RE, Altman DE, Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Rosenbaum MD. Health information. The internet and the digital divide. Health Affairs. 2000;19:255-265.
47. Wiltshier J, Cronin K, Sarto G, Brown R. Self-advocacy during the medical encounter: Use of health information and racial/ethnic differences. Med Care 2006;44:100-109.
48. Kakai H, Maskarinec G, Shumay DM, Tatsumura Y, Tasaki K. Ethnic differences in choices of health information by cancer patients using complementary and alternative medicine. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:851-862.
49. Tindall NTJ, Vardeman-Winter J. Complications in segmenting campaign publics: Women of color explain their problems, involvement, and constraints in reading heart disease communication. Howard J Communic. 2011;22:280-301.
50. Canadian Institutes of Health Research. c2013. Strategy for patient-oriented research. Available from: http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/41204.html
51. Scott TL, Gazmararian JA, Williams MV, Baker DW. Health literacy and preventive health care use among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. Med Care. 2002;40:395-404.
52. American Medical Association [Internet]. c2007. Health literacy and patient safety: Help patients understand: Reducing the risk by designing a safer, shame-free health care environment. Available from: https://www.pogoe.org/sites/default/files/Health%20Literacy%20-%20Reducing%20the %20Risk%20by%20Designing%20a%20Safe,%20Shame-Free%20Health%20Care%20 Environment.pdf