Detrimental effects of malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniosis and Chagas disease on cardiac and skeletal muscles Effects of protozoan infections on muscles
Main Article Content
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of several diseases triggered by protozoan parasites, such as the causative agents of Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniosis, and malaria, have demonstrated to cause direct detrimental effect on cardiac and skeletal muscle. These are amongst the most prevalent and epidemiologically relevant protozoan infections worldwide and infecting millions of people per year. As such, this review focuses on the current knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases on muscles. Case studies and original research addressing the mechanisms of action for direct and indirect damage to cardiac and skeletal muscle were analyzed and the main findings summarized. Importantly, all diseases reviewed here produce an intense inflammatory response, with the associated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine production leading to or furthering these detrimental effects. Critically, the disruption of cardiac muscle function can lead to minor arrhythmias and even death, and skeletal muscle damage can result in homeostatic imbalances serving to further morbidity and mortality. Strategies for preventing complications and determining the effectiveness of interventions designed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules to minimize muscle injury and help the millions of people with these diseases are an urgent need.
Article Details
How to Cite
MARRELLI, Mauro Toledo et al.
Detrimental effects of malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniosis and Chagas disease on cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 9, sep. 2020.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2218>. Date accessed: 08 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v8i9.2218.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Sweeney HL, Hammers DW. Muscle contraction. Cold Springs Harbor Perspectives in Biology; 2018.
3. Gowers WR. Myopathy and a distal form. Br Med J. 1902;2(2167): 89–92.
4. Tooth HH. Recent observations on progressive muscular atrophy. Brain.1887;10(2-3): 243–53.
5. Manring H, Abreu E, Brotto L, Weisleder N, Brotto M. Novel excitation-contraction coupling related genes reveal aspects of muscle weakness beyond atrophy-new hopes for treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. Front Physiol. 2014;5:37.
6. Voermans NC, van Alfen N, Pillen S, Lammens M, Schalkwijk J, Zwarts MJ, et al. Neuromuscular involvement in various types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(6):687-97.
7. Collins R. Protozoan parasites of the intestinal tract: a review of Coccidia and Microsporida. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1997;97(10):593-8.
8. Hodges K, Gill R. Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes. 2010;1(1):4-21.
9. Bhat S, Kumar M, Alva J. Malaria and the conducting system of the heart. BMJ Case Rep. 2013; 2013: bcr2012007462.
10. De Silva H, Goonetilleke A, Senaratna N, Ramesh N, Jayawickrama U, Jayasinghe K, et al. Skeletal-muscle necrosis in severe Falciparum-Malaria. British Med J. 1988;296(6628):1039-.
11. Taylor W, Prosser D. Acute renal failure, acute rhabdomyolysis and falciparum malaria. ScienceDirect: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86: 361.
12. Krauth-Siegel RL, Schmidt H. Trypanothione and tryparedoxin in ribonucleotide reduction. Methods Enzymol. 2002;347:259-66.
13. Lom J 1976. Biology of the trypanosomes and trypanoplasms of fish. In WHR Lumsden, DA Evans (eds), Biology of the Kinetoplastida, Academic Press, London/New York/San Francisco, 1976:269-337
14. Agut A, Corzo N, Murciano J, Laredo FG, Soler M. Clinical and radiographic study of bone and joint lesions in 26 dogs with leishmaniasis. Vet Rec. 2003;153(21):648-52.
15. Alves G, Pinho F, Silva S, Cruz M, Costa F. Cardiac and pulmonary alterations in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs infected naturally with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2010;43(3):310-5.
16. Araújo Jorge TC, Barbosa HS, Moreira AL, De Souza W, Meirelles MN. The interaction of myotropic and macrophagotropic strains of Trypanosoma cruzi with myoblasts and fibers of skeletal muscle. Z Parasitenkd. 1986;72(5):577-84.
17. López-Peña M, Alemañ N, Muñoz F, Fondevila D, Suárez ML, Goicoa A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis with cardiac involvement in a dog: a case report. Acta Vet Scand. 2009;51:20.
18. Meirelles MN, de Araujo-Jorge TC, Miranda CF, de Souza W, Barbosa HS. Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with heart muscle cells: ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of endocytic vacuole formation and effect upon myogenesis in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol. 1986;41(2):198-206.
19. Menezes-Souza D, Mendes TA, Nagem RA, Santos TT, Silva AL, Santoro MM, et al. Mapping B-cell epitopes for the peroxidoxin of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and its potential for the clinical diagnosis of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99216.
20. Lidani K, Andrade F, Bavia L, Damasceno F, Beltrame M, Messias-Reason I. Chagas disease: From discovery to a worldwide health problem. Front Public Health. 2019; 7: 166.
21. Marin-Neto JA, Cunha-Neto E, Maciel BC, Simões MV. Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115(9):1109-23.
22. Santi-Rocca J, Fernandez-Cortes F, Chillon-Marinas C, Gonzalez-Rubio M, Martin D, Girones N, et al. A multi-parametric analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: Common pathophysiologic patterns beyond extreme heterogeneity of host responses. Sci Rep. 2017;7: 8893.
23. Andrade L, Machado C, Chiari E, Pena S, Macedo A. Differential tissue distribution of diverse clones of Trypanosoma cruzi in infected mice. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1999,163-72.
24. Wesley M, Moraes A, Rosa A, Lot Carvalho J, Shiroma T, Vital T. Correlation of parasite burden, kDNA integration, autoreactive antibodies, and cytokine pattern in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1856.
25. Ferreira R, Ianni B, Abel L, Buck P, Mady C, Kalil J, et al. Increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-a in asymptomatic/indeterminate and Chagas disease cardiomyopathy persons. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2003.;98:407-11.
26. Silva-Almeida M, Carvalho LO, Abreu-Silva AL, d'Escoffier LN, Calabrese KS. Leishsmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection: Muscular involvement in BALB/c and C3H.HeN mice. Exp Parasitol. 2010;124(3):315-8.
27. Girones N, Rodriquez C, Carrasco-Marin E, Hernaez R, de Rego J, Fresno M. Dominant T- and B-cell epitopes in an autoantigen linked to Chagas disease. J Clin Investig. 2001;107: 985–93.
28. Baez A, Presti L, Rivarola H, Pons P, Fretes R, Paglini-Olivia P. Chronic indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease: mitochondrial involvement in infection with two strains. Parasitol. 2013;140: 414-21.
29. Baez A, Presti L, Rivarola H, Pons P, Fretes R, Paglini-Olivia P. Mitochondrial involvement in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105(5): 239-46
30. Baez A, Presti L, Rivarola W, Pons P, Fretes R, Paglini-Olivia P. Trypanosoma cruzi: Cardiac mitochondrial alterations produced by two different strain in the acute phase of the infection. Exp Parisitol. 2008;120(4): 397-402.
31. Molina HA, Kierszenbaum F. A study of human myocardial tissue in Chagas' disease: distribution and frequency of inflammatory cell types. Int J Parasitol. 1987;17(7):1297-305.
32. Monteón VM, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Aranda-Fraustro A, Rosales-Encina JL, Reyes PA. American trypanosomosis: in situ and generalized features of parasitism and inflammation kinetics in a murine model. Exp Parasitol. 1996;83(3):267-74.
33. Montes de Oca M, Torres SH, Loyo JG, Vazquez F, Hernández N, Anchustegui B, et al. Exercise performance and skeletal muscles in patients with advanced Chagas disease. Chest. 2004;125(4):1306-14.
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