Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis for COVID-19
Main Article Content
Abstract
It is common in medicine that simple, inexpensive remedies are held hostage to medical prejudice, financial or political interest, and legal precedent. The purpose of this review is to take the point of view of the victims of COVID-19 and address whether scientific information, including randomized-control trials, can answer whether the hydroxychloroquine should be dispensed for those testing positive and their immediate recent contacts at the point of testing. Although the FDA in the United States is yet to be convinced, the demonstration of positive effects in clinical trials cannot be ignored and there is a large amount of information in the pipeline (published pre-prints and registered clinical trials) that could tip the scales towards making the drug readily available for early disease and contact-prophylactic usage to reduce peak symptoms, symptom duration, contagiousness, hospitalizations and mortality.
Article Details
How to Cite
BUSATH, David D..
Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis for COVID-19.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 10, oct. 2020.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2263>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v8i10.2263.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. Treanor JJ, Hayden FG, Vrooman PS, Barbarash R, Bettis R, et al. 2000. Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. US Oral Neuraminidase Study Group. JAMA 283:1016-24
3. Hurt AC, Kelly H. 2016. Debate Regarding Oseltamivir Use for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza. Emerg Infect Dis 22:949-55
4. Hayden FG, Treanor JJ, Fritz RS, Lobo M, Betts RF, et al. 1999. Use of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in experimental human influenza - Randomized controlled trials for prevention and treatment. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 282:1240-6
5. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, et al. 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30:269-71
6. Touret F, Gilles M, Barral K, Nougairede A, van Helden J, et al. 2020. In vitro screening of a FDA approved chemical library reveals potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Sci Rep 10:13093
7. Weston S, Coleman CM, Haupt R, Logue J, Matthews K, et al. 2020. Broad anti-coronaviral activity of FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and SARS-CoV in vivo. J Virol
8. Liu J, Cao RY, Xu MY, Wang X, Zhang HY, et al. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discovery 6:1-4
9. Huang M, Tang T, Pang P, Li M, Ma R, et al. 2020. Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine. J Mol Cell Biol 12:322-5
10. Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang V, Meddeb L, et al. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 56
11. Sánchez-Álvarez JE, Fontán MP, Martín CJ, Pelícano MB, Reina CJC, et al. 2020. Status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients on renal replacement therapy. Report of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN). Nefrología (English Edition) 40:272-8
12. Million M, Lagier JC, Gautret P, Colson P, Fournier PE, et al. 2020. Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France. Travel Med Infect Dis 35:101738
13. Okour M, Al-Kofahi M, Austin D. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as potential treatments for COVID-19; clinical status impacts the outcome. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 47:187-8
14. Yu B, Li C, Chen P, Zhou N, Wang L, et al. 2020. Low dose of hydroxychloroquine reduces fatality of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Sci China Life Sci
15. Huang M, Li M, Xiao F, Pang P, Liang J, et al. 2020. Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. National Science Review 7:1428-36
16. Ayerbe L, Risco C, Ayis S. 2020. The association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis 50:298-301
17. Wonner M, Andreis NR-d, Sarrazin E, Lacrosse P, Lardenois T, et al. 2020. Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health:45-55
18. Chen J, Liu D, Liu L, Liu P, Xu Q, et al. 2020. [A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 49:215-9
19. Tang Wea. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine in patients mainly with mild to moderate COVID–19: an open–label, randomized, controlled trial. medRxiv Preprint
20. Magagnoli J, Narendran S, Pereira F, Cummings TH, Hardin JW, et al. 2020. Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Usage in United States Veterans Hospitalized with COVID-19. Med 1:1-14
21. Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, Zucker J, Baldwin M, et al. 2020. Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382:2411-8
22. Rosenberg ES, Dufort EM, Udo T, Wilberschied LA, Kumar J, et al. 2020. Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA 323:2493-502
23. Mahévas M, Tran VT, Roumier M, Chabrol A, Paule R, et al. 2020. Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data. BMJ 369:m1844
24. Kupferschmidt K. 2020. U.K. megatrial outshines other drug studies. Science 369:124-5
25. Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, Alexandre MAA, Melo GC, et al. 2020. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 3:e208857
26. Mercuro NJ, Yen CF, Shim DJ, Maher TR, McCoy CM, et al. 2020. Risk of QT Interval Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 5:1036-41
27. Ramireddy A, Chugh H, Reinier K, Ebinger J, Park E, et al. 2020. Experience With Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Implications for QT Interval Monitoring. J Am Heart Assoc 9:e017144
28. Bessiere F, Roccia H, Deliniere A, Charriere R, Chevalier P, et al. 2020. Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit. JAMA Cardiol 5:1067-9
29. Saleh M, Gabriels J, Chang D, Kim BS, Mansoor A, et al. 2020. The Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol
30. Bakhshaliyev N, Uluganyan M, Enhos A, Karacop E, Ozdemir R. 2020. The effect of 5-day course of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination on QT interval in non-ICU COVID19(+) patients. J Electrocardiol 62:59-64
31. Prodromos CC, Rumschlag T, Perchyk T. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine is protective to the heart, not harmful: a systematic review. New Microbes New Infect 37:100747
32. Mitja O, Corbacho-Monne M, Ubals M, Tebe C, Penafiel J, et al. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults with Mild Covid-19: A Randomized-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis In press
33. Lee SH, Son H, Peck KR. 2020. Can post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 be considered as an outbreak response strategy in long-term care hospitals? Int J Antimicrob Agents 55:105988
34. Zhong J, Shen G, Yang H, Huang A, Chen X, et al. 2020. COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disease in Hubei province, China: a multicentre retrospective observational study. The Lancet Rheumatology 2:e557-e64
35. Meo SA, Klonoff DC, Akram J. 2020. Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24:4539-47
36. Romão VC, Cruz-Machado AR, Fonseca JE. 2020. Mounting data indicate that antimalarials do not prevent mild or severe COVID-19 in rheumatic patients. Response to: 'The role of antimalarials in COVID-19: observational data from a cohort of rheumatic patients' by Favalli et al. Ann Rheum Dis
37. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, et al. 2020. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584:430-6
38. Ferri C, Giuggioli D, Raimondo V, L'Andolina M, Tavoni A, et al. 2020. COVID-19 and rheumatic autoimmune systemic diseases: report of a large Italian patients series. Clin Rheumatol
39. Ferreira A, Oliveira ESA, Bettencourt P. 2020. Chronic treatment with hydroxychloroquine and SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol
40. Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, Pastick KA, Lofgren SM, et al. 2020. A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19. N Engl J Med 383:517-25
41. Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, et al. 2020. Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med
42. Pirnay G, Dantier B, Tourid W, Terkemani A, Bachot F, et al. 2020. Effet bénéfique de l’association hydroxychloroquine/azithromycine dans le traitement des patients âgés atteints de la COVID-19 : résultats d’une étude observationnelle. Le Pharmacien Hospitalier et Clinicien
43. Lagier JC, Million M, Gautret P, Colson P, Cortaredona S, et al. 2020. Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis:101791
44. Mikami T, Miyashita H, Yamada T, Harrington M, Steinberg D, et al. 2020. Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York City. J Gen Intern Med
45. Arshad S, Kilgore P, Chaudhry ZS, Jacobsen G, Wang DD, et al. 2020. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis 97:396-403
46. Hong KS, Jang JG, Hur J, Lee JH, Kim HN, et al. 2020. Early Hydroxychloroquine Administration for Rapid Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Eradication. Infect Chemother
47. d'Arminio Monforte A, Tavelli A, Bai F, Marchetti G, Cozzi-Lepri A. 2020. Effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 disease: A done and dusted deal? Int J Infect Dis 99:75-6
48. Davido B, Boussaid G, Vaugier I, Lansaman T, Bouchand F, et al. 2020. Impact of medical care, including use of anti-infective agents, on prognosis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients over time. Int J Antimicrob Agents 56:106129
49. Yu B, Li C, Chen P, Li J, Jiang H, Wang DW. 2020. Beneficial effects exerted by hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 patients via protecting multiple organs. Sci China Life Sci
50. Pinato DJ, Zambelli A, Aguilar-Company J, Bower M, Sng C, et al. 2020. Clinical portrait of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in European cancer patients. Cancer Discov
51. Dubernet A, Larsen K, Masse L, Allyn J, Foch E, et al. 2020. A comprehensive strategy for the early treatment of COVID-19 with azithromycin/hydroxychloroquine and/or corticosteroids: Results of a retrospective observational study in the French overseas department of Reunion Island. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 23:1-3
52. Catteau L, Dauby N, Montourcy M, Bottieau E, Hautekiet J, et al. 2020. Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 participants. Int J Antimicrob Agents 56:106144
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