Newer Molecular Methods Bring New Insights into Human- And Building-Health Risk Assessments from Water-Damaged Buildings: Defining Exposure and Reactivity, the Two Sides of Causation of CIRS-WDB Illness
Main Article Content
Abstract
Scientific disciplines dependent on accurate analytics invariably evolve due to advances in technical aspects of measurement. In disciplines in which adequate measurement is not available for applications to public health policy, the impact of new paradigms in measurement can extend far beyond scientific thought. Both of these concepts apply to the effect of exposure to water-damaged buildings (WDB) on human health. What causes the putative illness and what government should do to make buildings safe for use, have been impacted by development of molecular methods, particularly Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and transcriptomics.
The impact of human exposure to Actinobacteria, for example, and identification of immune reactivity specific to these bacteria are now revolutionizing: (i) both detection and quantitation of newly recognized pathogenic organisms; and (ii) the approach to the genomic basis of diagnosis and treatment of disease as manifested by differential gene activation. NGS permits quantitation of exposure and confirmation of risk associated with the threshold of exposure, using defined human health biomarkers, that in turn has led to advances in the metabolic and inflammatory issues in WDB illness, called CIRS, both from molecular hypometabolism and activation of TGF beta-1 signaling that defines immunoreactivity to Actinobacteria.
Current recommendations for assessment of exposure/reactivity to fungi and methods of remediation based on fungi alone do not support continued use, now that endotoxins and Actinobacteria are found to be the major causes of human illness from exposure to WDB.
Keywords:
transcriptomics, molecular hypometabolism, Next-Generation Sequencing, Actinobacteria, endotoxins, Gram-negative rods
Article Details
How to Cite
SHOEMAKER, R. et al.
Newer Molecular Methods Bring New Insights into Human- And Building-Health Risk Assessments from Water-Damaged Buildings: Defining Exposure and Reactivity, the Two Sides of Causation of CIRS-WDB Illness.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 3, mar. 2021.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2358>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v9i3.2358.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. Shoemaker R. Metabolism, molecular hypometabolism and inflammation: Complications of proliferative physiology include metabolic acidosis, pulmonary hypertension, T reg cell deficiency, insulin resistance and neuronal injury. Trends Diabetes Metab 2020; 3: 1-15.
3. Ryan J, Shoemaker R. RNA-Seq on patients with chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) treated with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) shows a shift in metabolic state and innate immune functions that coincide with healing. Med Res Arch 2016; 4(7): 1-11.
4. Geffcken v. D’Andrea. 2006 California 2d Civil No. B176232.
5. Clark, N., Ammann, H., Brennan, T., Brunekreef, B., Douwes, J., Eggleston, P., Fisk, W., Fullilove, R., Guernsey, J., Nevalainen, A., Essen, S. (2004). Damp Indoor Spaces and Health., The National Academies Press.
6. Storey N, Dangman K, Hodgson, et al. 2004 Guidance for clinicians on the recognition of health effects related to mold exposure and moisture indoors. US EPA.
7. Shoemaker R. 2006 A report to St. Bernard’s Parish on Parish residents temporarily housed on the Scotia Prince compared to a control group of ship employees. Symptoms, visually reported exposures and Visual Contrast Sensitivity. wwwsurvivingmold.com, accessed 1/5/2021.
8. Thomas G, Burton N, Mueller C, Page E, Vesper S. Comparison of work-related symptoms and visual contrast sensitivity between employees of a severely water-damaged school and a school without water-damage. AJIM 2012; 55: 844-854
9. Dooley M, McMahon S. A comprehensive review of mold research literature from 2011-2018. IMR 2020; 6:1-39
10. US GAO 2008 Indoor mold: Better coordination of research on health effects and more consistent guidance would improve Federal efforts.
11. Shoemaker R, House D. SBS and exposure to water damaged buildings: time series study, clinical trial and mechanisms; Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2006; 28: 573-588.
12. Shoemaker, R IAQA, Las Vegas, Nevada. 10/14/07 Sequential activation of innate immune elements: a health index for people re-exposed to water-damaged buildings.
13. Afshari A, Anderson HR, Cohen A, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Douwes J, Gorny R, Hirvonen M-R, Jaakola J, Levin H, Mendell M, Molhave L, Morwska L, Nevalainen A, Richardson M, Rudnai P, Schleibinger HW, Schwarze PE, Seifert B, Sigsgaard T, Song W, Spengler J, Szewzyk R, Panchatcharam S, Gallo G, Giersig M, Nolokke J, Cheung K, Mirer AG, Meyer HW, Roponen M. (2009). World Health Organization guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality.
14. Vesper S, McKinstry R, Yang C, Haugland R, Dearborn D, et al. Specific molds associated with asthma in water-damaged homes. JOEM 2006; 48:852-858.
15. Shoemaker R, Mark L, McMahon S, Thrasher J, Grimes C. 2010. Policyholders of America. Research Committee Report on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory response syndrome caused by exposure to the interior environment of water-damaged buildings.
16. Shoemaker R, Lark D - 2016, HERTSMI-2 and ERMI: “Correlating Human Health Risk with Mold Specific qPCR in Water-Damaged Buildings”, #658 in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, International Society for Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Ghent, Belgium.
17. Shoemaker R, Lark D, Ryan J. Healthy Buildings Europe 2017. Exposure to buildings with elevated MSQPCR reduces health benefits from VIP treatment of CIRS-WDB.
18. Shoemaker R, Heyman A. NeuroQuant, Lyme and Mold: Implications for enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy. NorVect, Oslo, Norway 5/15/15.
19. Shoemaker R, House D. SBS and exposure to water damaged buildings: time series study, clinical trial and mechanisms; Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2006; 28: 573-588.
20. Ryan J, Wu Q, Shoemaker R. Transcriptomic signatures in whole blood of patients who acquire a chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) following an exposure to the marine toxin ciguatoxin. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8, 2015.
21. Shoemaker R, House D, Ryan J. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) corrects chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS) acquired following exposure to water-damaged buildings. Health 2013; 5(3): 396-401.
22. Chew G, Wilson J, Rabito F, Grimsley F, Iqbal S, Reponen T, Mullendberg M, Thorne P, Dearborn D, Morley R. 2006 Mold and endotoxin levels in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina: a pilot project of homes in New Orleans undergoing renovation. EHP 114:1883-89.
23. Rao C, Riggs M, Chew G, Muilenberg M, Thorne P, Van Sickle D, Dunn K, Brown C. Characterization of airborne molds, endotoxins, and glucans in homes in New Orleans after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Appld Env Micro. 2007 Mar; 73(5): 1630-4.
24. Brandt M, Burkhart J, Burton N, Cox-Ganser J, Damon S, Falk H, Fridkin S, Garbe P, Kreiss K, McGeehin M, Morgan J, Page E, Rao C, Redd S, Sinks T, Trout D, Wallingford K, Warnock D, Weissman D. Mold Prevention strategies and possible health effects in the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. CDC October 2005.
25. Jones S, Pham C, Zambri M, McKillip J, Carlsson e, Elliott M. Streptomyces volatile compounds influence exploration and microbial community dynamics by altering iron availability. mBio 2019; 10: e00171-19.
26. Marr N, Novikov A, Hajjar A, Caroff, M, Fernandez R. Variability in the lipooligosaccharide structure and endotoxicity among Bordetella pertussis strains. JID 2010; 202:1897-906.
27. Medically sound investigation and remediation of water-damaged buildings in cases of CIRS-WDB. Part 1. Berndtson K, McMahon S, Ackerley M, Rapaport S, Gupta S, Shoemaker R. 10/15. www.survivingmold.com.
28. ANSI/IICRC S520 Standard and reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration 2015, 4th Edition.
29. Schrantz M, Banta J, Charlton J, Heiblum J, Schwartz L, Weatherman G, Weber B, Shoemaker R. Indoor Environmental Professional Panel of Surviving Mold Consensus Statement for Microbial Remediation 2020. Medical Review Archives 2021: 9:1-30.
30. Shoemaker R, Johnson K, Jim L, Berry Y, Dooley M, Ryan J, McMahon S. Diagnostic process for Chronic Inflammatory response Syndrome (CIRS): A consensus statement report of the Consensus Committee of Surviving Mold. Int. Med Rev. 2018, 4(5): 1-47.
31. Adams R, Sylvain I, Spilak M, Taylor J, Waring M, Mendell M. Fungal signature of moisture damage in buildings: Identification by targeted and untargeted approaches with
mycobiome data. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2020; 86: 17: e01047-20.
32. Adams R, Bateman A, Bik H, Meadow J. Microbiota of the indoor environment: a meta-analysis. Microbiome 2014; 3:49.
33. Adams R, Miletto M, Lindow S, Taylor J, Bruns T. Airborne bacterial communities in residences: similarities and differences with fungi. PLoS One 2014; 9: 3-e91283.
34. Adams R, Bhangar S, Pasut W, Arens E, Taylor J, Lindow S, Nazaroff W, Bruns T. Chamber bioaerosol study: outdoor air and human occupants as sources of indoor airborne microbes. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0128022.
35. Adams R, Miletto M, Taylor J, Bruns T. The diversity and distribution of fungi on residential surfaces. PLoS One 2013; 11: 8-e78866
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