Respiratory System Impairments in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Outpatient Surveillance, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Main Article Content
Bruno Leonardo Scofano Dias
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5654-3165
Fernanda Marinho de Lima
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5654-3165
Fernanda Marinho de Lima
Abstract
Introduction: Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability of childhood. Respiratory problems are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in cerebral palsy.
Methods: The study is characterized by a scoping review. The search for articles was carried out in August 2021 in the PubMed, Medline, SciELO, LILACs and Google Schoolar databases, with the keywords "cerebral palsy” and "respiratory".
Results: Overall, 1037 articles were found, 10 duplicates were removed and 167 were pre-selected after the analysis of titles and abstracts. Then, 90 were excluded due to lack of appropriateness after reading the full-texts, thus yielding a total of 77 studies.
Discussion: Risk of respiratory disease should be screened at least every 12 months based on the following criteria: a hospital admission for respiratory illness in the past 12 months; a Gross Motor Function Classification System level V; a Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System level III–V. The screening aims to lead to early diagnosis and treatment, and consists in actively evaluate the risk factors for emergency department visits and hospital admissions. A Gross Motor Function Classification System level V is the strongest predictor, but dysphagia and seizures are the strongest potentially modifiable factors. Aspiration pneumonia is the main cause of death. The main risk for aspiration are dysphagia; uncontrolled seizures; gastroesophageal reflux disease; and drooling. Other comorbidities should also be actively screened: undernutrition; tone disorders; skeletal malalignment; upper respiratory obstruction; airway clearence impairment; and restrictive lung disease. Conclusion: Respiratory impairments in CP results from a complex multifactorial process influenced by several interrelated pathophysiological factors, directly and indirectly influenced by other common comorbidities in CP. Active and early surveillance, diagnosis and treatment, involving multiple medical specialties and rehabilitation professionals is essential for success in improving the quality of life and reducing morbidity and mortality of these patients.
Keywords:
cerebral palsy, respiratory
Article Details
How to Cite
DIAS, Bruno Leonardo Scofano; LIMA, Fernanda Marinho de.
Respiratory System Impairments in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Outpatient Surveillance, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 11, nov. 2021.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2594>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v9i11.2594.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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