Past, Present and Future Perspective of Application of Nanobiotechnology in Pharmacology and Innovative Therapeutics
Main Article Content
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology is a multi-strategic approach that engineers biological components (atoms and molecules) at the nanoscales. The concept was introduced as an effective alternative with drug delivery and targeting properties. Nanobiotechnology has several applications in cancerous disease, autoimmune, inflammation, infectious, and viral diseases, and for the management of COVID-19. Nanoparticles have biomimetic properties, encapsulation, and safety formulation of drugs, and all these properties give them an advantage over conventional drug strategies. Nanobiotechnology research is currently progressive and needs extensive exploration and understanding for its potential use in future innovations. The present review studied the concept of nanobiotechnology, its origin, mechanism of drug delivery and targeting, applications, and future perspective in pharmacology and innovation to decipher its role in future advanced research.
Article Details
How to Cite
MWEETWA, Larry L et al.
Past, Present and Future Perspective of Application of Nanobiotechnology in Pharmacology and Innovative Therapeutics.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 3, mar. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2720>. Date accessed: 24 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i3.2720.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Balaji, S. Nanobiotechnology. MJP Publisher. 2019. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FPCbDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Balaji,+S.+(2019).+Nanobiotechnology.+MJP+Publisher.&ots=q4FTLtma1C&sig=iJ3k2-DItsFqyVWHvLEEdgBW3Xk. [Accessed February 10, 2022]
2. Qi, B., Wang, C., Ding, J., & Tao, W. Applications of Nanobiotechnology in Pharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019; 10, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01451
3. Jain, K. K. Nanomedicine: application of nanobiotechnology in medical practice. Medical Principles and Practice. 2008; 17(2), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1159/000112961
4. Sah, S. K., Kaur, A., & Wani, S. H. Nanobiotechnology: changing horizons of science. Biolife. 2014; 2(3), 905-916. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saroj-Sah-2/publication/264894591
5. Demetzos, C. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Springer Singapore: Singapore; 2016. 1-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0791-0
6. Maravajhala, V., Papishetty, S., & Bandlapalli, S. Nanotechnology in the development of drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2012; 3(1), 84. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.216.4653&rep=rep1&type=pdf
7. Witika, B. A., & Walker, R. B. Development, manufacture, and characterization of niosomes for the delivery for nevirapine. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019; 74(2), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2019.8168
8. Witika, B. A., Smith, V. J., & Walker, R. B. Top-down synthesis of a lamivudine-zidovudine nano co-crystal. Crystals. 2021; 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010033
9. Khan, I., Khan, M., Umar, M. N., & Oh, D. H. Nanobiotechnology and its applications in drug delivery system: a review. IET Nanobiotechnology. 2015; 9(6), 396-400. 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0062 www.ietdl.org
10. Ulku, Y., & Burcu, G. B. The importance of nanotechnology and drug carrier systems in pharmacology. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 10(2), 014-023. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.10.2.0018
11. Bazak, R., Houri, M., El Achy, S., Hussein, W., & Refaat, T. Passive targeting of nanoparticles to cancer: A comprehensive review of the literature. Molecular and clinical oncology. 2014; 2(6), 904-908. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.356
12. Sinha, R., Kim, G. J., Nie, S., & Shin, D. M. Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2006; 5(8), 1909-1917. 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0141
13. Witika, B. A., Makoni, P. A., Mweetwa, L. L., Ntemi, P. V., Chikukwa, M. T., Matafwali, S. K., ... & Walker, R. B. Nano-biomimetic drug delivery vehicles: potential approaches for COVID-19 treatment. Molecules. 2020; 25(24), 5952. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245952
14. Roy, B., Dhillon, J. K., Habib, N., & Pugazhandhi, B. Global variants of COVID-19: Current understanding. Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2021; 8(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbs.v8i1.38453
15. Fatima, U., Rizvi, S. S. A., Raina, N., Fatima, S., Rahman, S., Kamal, M. A., & Hassan, M. Therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients: Clinical manifestation and limitations. Current pharmaceutical design. 2021; 27(41), 4223-4231. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201125112719
16. Cavalcanti, I. D. L., & Nogueira, M. C. D. B. L. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: which products have been designed against COVID-19? Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2020; 22(9), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05010-6
17. Moradiya, M. A., Khiriya, P. K., Khare, P. S., & Markna, J. H. (2021). Nanotechnology in Battle against CoViD-19: The Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Letters in Applied NanoBiosciences. 2021; 10(4), 2637-2645. https://doi.org/10.33263/LIANBS104.26372645
18. Yayehrad, A. T., Siraj, E. A., Wondie, G. B., Alemie, A. A., Derseh, M. T., & Ambaye, A. S. Could Nanotechnology Help to End the Fight Against COVID-19? Review of Current Findings, Challenges and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2021; 16, 5713-5743. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FIJN.S327334
19. Ramakrishnan, S. G., Robert, B., Salim, A., Ananthan, P., Sivaramakrishnan, M., Subramaniam, S., ... & Arasu, M. V. Nanotechnology-based solutions to combat zoonotic viruses with special attention to SARS, MERS, and COVID 19: Detection, protection, and medication. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021; 159, 105133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105133
20. Sim, S., & Wong, N. K. Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery. Biomedical Reports. 2021; 14(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1418
21. Nehra, M., Uthappa, U. T., Kumar, V., Kumar, R., Dixit, C., Dilbaghi, N., ... & Kaushik, A. Nanobiotechnology-assisted therapies to manage brain cancer in a personalized manner. Journal of Controlled Release. 2021; 338, 224-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.027
22. Alizadeh, N., & Salimi, A. Multienzymes activity of metals and metal oxide nanomaterials: applications from biotechnology to medicine and environmental engineering. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. (2021); 19(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00771-1
23. Chatterjee, P., & Kumar, S. Current developments in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022; 48, 1754-1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.048
24. Wang, J., & Cui, H. Nanostructure-based theranostic systems. Theranostics. 2016; 6(9), 1274. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150%2Fthno.16479
25. World Health Organization. WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic prone Infectious Diseases: Types of Surveillance; 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66485
26. Couvreur, P., & Vauthier, C. Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharmaceutical Research. 2006; 23(7), 1417-1450. 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8
27. Kirtane, A. R., Verma, M., Karandikar, P., Furin, J., Langer, R., & Traverso, G. Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases. Nature Nanotechnology. 2021; 16(4), 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8
28. Saklayen, M. G. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Current hypertension reports. 2018; 20(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z
29. Guo, H. H., Feng, C. L., Zhang, W. X., Luo, Z. G., Zhang, H. J., Zhang, T. T., ... & Jiang, J. D. Liver-target nanotechnology facilitates berberine to ameliorate cardio-metabolic diseases. Nature Communications. 2019; 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09852-0
30. Jain, K. K. Synthetic biology and personalized medicine. Medical Principles and Practice. 2013; 22(3), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341794
31. Sakamoto, J. H., van de Ven, A. L., Godin, B., Blanco, E., Serda, R. E., Grattoni, A., ... & Ferrari, M. Enabling individualized therapy through nanotechnology. Pharmacological Research. 2010; 62(2), 57-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.12.011
32. Bahadori, E., Farjami, Z., Rezayi, M., Lngari, H., Darroudi, M., Avan, A., & Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. Recent advances in nanotechnology for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2019; 13(2), 1561-1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.002
33. Re, F., Gregori, M., & Masserini, M. Nanotechnology for neurodegenerative disorders. Maturitas. 2012; 73(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.015
34. Nirale, P., Paul, A., & Yadav, K. S. Nanoemulsions for targeting the neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s, and Prion's. Life sciences. 2020; 245, 117394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117394
35. Kumar, R., Aadil, K. R., Mondal, K., Mishra, Y. K., Oupicky, D., Ramakrishna, S., & Kaushik, A. Neurodegenerative disorders management: state-of-art and prospects of nanobiotechnology. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2021; 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2021.1993126
36. Couvreur, P., Gref, R., Andrieux, K., & Malvy, C. Nanotechnologies for drug delivery: Application to cancer and autoimmune diseases. Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 2006; 34(2-4), 231-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2005.11.009
37. Cho, J. H., & Feldman, M. Heterogeneity of autoimmune diseases: pathophysiologic insights from genetics and implications for new therapies. Nature Medicine. 2015; 21(7), 730-738. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3897
38. Gharagozloo, M., Majewski, S., & Foldvari, M. Therapeutic applications of nanomedicine in autoimmune diseases: from immunosuppression to tolerance induction. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2015; 11(4), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.003
39. Xiao, Q., Li, X., Li, Y., Wu, Z., Xu, C., Chen, Z., & He, W. Biological drug, and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2021; 11(4), 941-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.018
40. Fakruddin, M., Hossain, Z., & Afroz, H. (2012). Prospects and applications of nanobiotechnology: a medical perspective. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 10(1), 1-8. http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/10/1/31
41. Zhu, C., Zhang, S., Song, C., Zhang, Y., Ling, Q., Hoffmann, P. R., ... & Huang, Z. Selenium nanoparticles decorated with Ulva lactuca polysaccharide potentially attenuate colitis by inhibiting NF-κB mediated hyper inflammation. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2017; 15(1), 1-15. 10.1186/s12951-017-0252-y
42. Brusini, R., Varna, M., & Couvreur, P. Advanced nanomedicines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2020; 157, 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.010
43. Tan, Q., He, L., Meng, X., Wang, W., Pan, H., Yin, W., ... & Shan, H. Macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers for anti-inflammation and targeted antiviral treatment in COVID-19. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 19(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00926-0
44. Bonilla, L., Esteruelas, G., Ettcheto, M., Espina, M., García, M. L., Camins, A., ... & Sánchez‐López, E. Biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of epilepsy: from current advances to future challenges. Epilepsia Open. 2021;00: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12567
45. Mukarram, M., Naeem, M., Aftab, T., & Khan, M. M. A. Chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides: recent advances and future perspectives. Radiation-Processed Polysaccharides. 2022; 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85672-0.00012-X
46. Vizirianakis, I. S., Miliotou, A. N., Mystridis, G. A., Andriotis, E. G., Andreadis, I. I., Papadopoulou, L. C., & Fatouros, D. G. Tackling pharmacological response heterogeneity by PBPK modeling to advance precision medicine productivity of nanotechnology and genomics therapeutics. Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development. 2019; 4(3), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2019.1605828
47. Shintaro, H., Mona, U., Kumiko, T., Rie, H., Yuki, T., Masaaki, M., & Toshio, H. (2020). How Covid-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflammation and Regeneration. 2020; 40(37). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
48. Susana, R.C., Nagi, G.A. & Jae, K.L. Neuroinflammation Treatment via Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2020; 14: 576037. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.576037
49. Sivakami, A., Sarankumar, R., & Vinodha, S. Introduction to Nanobiotechnology: Novel and Smart Applications. In: Paul K, ed. Bio-manufactured Nanomaterials. Switzerland, SW. Springer Nature; 2021: 1-22.
2. Qi, B., Wang, C., Ding, J., & Tao, W. Applications of Nanobiotechnology in Pharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019; 10, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01451
3. Jain, K. K. Nanomedicine: application of nanobiotechnology in medical practice. Medical Principles and Practice. 2008; 17(2), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1159/000112961
4. Sah, S. K., Kaur, A., & Wani, S. H. Nanobiotechnology: changing horizons of science. Biolife. 2014; 2(3), 905-916. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saroj-Sah-2/publication/264894591
5. Demetzos, C. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Springer Singapore: Singapore; 2016. 1-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0791-0
6. Maravajhala, V., Papishetty, S., & Bandlapalli, S. Nanotechnology in the development of drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2012; 3(1), 84. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.216.4653&rep=rep1&type=pdf
7. Witika, B. A., & Walker, R. B. Development, manufacture, and characterization of niosomes for the delivery for nevirapine. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019; 74(2), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2019.8168
8. Witika, B. A., Smith, V. J., & Walker, R. B. Top-down synthesis of a lamivudine-zidovudine nano co-crystal. Crystals. 2021; 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010033
9. Khan, I., Khan, M., Umar, M. N., & Oh, D. H. Nanobiotechnology and its applications in drug delivery system: a review. IET Nanobiotechnology. 2015; 9(6), 396-400. 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0062 www.ietdl.org
10. Ulku, Y., & Burcu, G. B. The importance of nanotechnology and drug carrier systems in pharmacology. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 10(2), 014-023. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.10.2.0018
11. Bazak, R., Houri, M., El Achy, S., Hussein, W., & Refaat, T. Passive targeting of nanoparticles to cancer: A comprehensive review of the literature. Molecular and clinical oncology. 2014; 2(6), 904-908. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2014.356
12. Sinha, R., Kim, G. J., Nie, S., & Shin, D. M. Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2006; 5(8), 1909-1917. 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0141
13. Witika, B. A., Makoni, P. A., Mweetwa, L. L., Ntemi, P. V., Chikukwa, M. T., Matafwali, S. K., ... & Walker, R. B. Nano-biomimetic drug delivery vehicles: potential approaches for COVID-19 treatment. Molecules. 2020; 25(24), 5952. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245952
14. Roy, B., Dhillon, J. K., Habib, N., & Pugazhandhi, B. Global variants of COVID-19: Current understanding. Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2021; 8(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbs.v8i1.38453
15. Fatima, U., Rizvi, S. S. A., Raina, N., Fatima, S., Rahman, S., Kamal, M. A., & Hassan, M. Therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients: Clinical manifestation and limitations. Current pharmaceutical design. 2021; 27(41), 4223-4231. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201125112719
16. Cavalcanti, I. D. L., & Nogueira, M. C. D. B. L. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: which products have been designed against COVID-19? Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2020; 22(9), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05010-6
17. Moradiya, M. A., Khiriya, P. K., Khare, P. S., & Markna, J. H. (2021). Nanotechnology in Battle against CoViD-19: The Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Letters in Applied NanoBiosciences. 2021; 10(4), 2637-2645. https://doi.org/10.33263/LIANBS104.26372645
18. Yayehrad, A. T., Siraj, E. A., Wondie, G. B., Alemie, A. A., Derseh, M. T., & Ambaye, A. S. Could Nanotechnology Help to End the Fight Against COVID-19? Review of Current Findings, Challenges and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2021; 16, 5713-5743. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FIJN.S327334
19. Ramakrishnan, S. G., Robert, B., Salim, A., Ananthan, P., Sivaramakrishnan, M., Subramaniam, S., ... & Arasu, M. V. Nanotechnology-based solutions to combat zoonotic viruses with special attention to SARS, MERS, and COVID 19: Detection, protection, and medication. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021; 159, 105133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105133
20. Sim, S., & Wong, N. K. Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery. Biomedical Reports. 2021; 14(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1418
21. Nehra, M., Uthappa, U. T., Kumar, V., Kumar, R., Dixit, C., Dilbaghi, N., ... & Kaushik, A. Nanobiotechnology-assisted therapies to manage brain cancer in a personalized manner. Journal of Controlled Release. 2021; 338, 224-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.027
22. Alizadeh, N., & Salimi, A. Multienzymes activity of metals and metal oxide nanomaterials: applications from biotechnology to medicine and environmental engineering. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. (2021); 19(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00771-1
23. Chatterjee, P., & Kumar, S. Current developments in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022; 48, 1754-1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.048
24. Wang, J., & Cui, H. Nanostructure-based theranostic systems. Theranostics. 2016; 6(9), 1274. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150%2Fthno.16479
25. World Health Organization. WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic prone Infectious Diseases: Types of Surveillance; 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66485
26. Couvreur, P., & Vauthier, C. Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharmaceutical Research. 2006; 23(7), 1417-1450. 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8
27. Kirtane, A. R., Verma, M., Karandikar, P., Furin, J., Langer, R., & Traverso, G. Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases. Nature Nanotechnology. 2021; 16(4), 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8
28. Saklayen, M. G. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Current hypertension reports. 2018; 20(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z
29. Guo, H. H., Feng, C. L., Zhang, W. X., Luo, Z. G., Zhang, H. J., Zhang, T. T., ... & Jiang, J. D. Liver-target nanotechnology facilitates berberine to ameliorate cardio-metabolic diseases. Nature Communications. 2019; 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09852-0
30. Jain, K. K. Synthetic biology and personalized medicine. Medical Principles and Practice. 2013; 22(3), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341794
31. Sakamoto, J. H., van de Ven, A. L., Godin, B., Blanco, E., Serda, R. E., Grattoni, A., ... & Ferrari, M. Enabling individualized therapy through nanotechnology. Pharmacological Research. 2010; 62(2), 57-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.12.011
32. Bahadori, E., Farjami, Z., Rezayi, M., Lngari, H., Darroudi, M., Avan, A., & Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. Recent advances in nanotechnology for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2019; 13(2), 1561-1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.002
33. Re, F., Gregori, M., & Masserini, M. Nanotechnology for neurodegenerative disorders. Maturitas. 2012; 73(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.015
34. Nirale, P., Paul, A., & Yadav, K. S. Nanoemulsions for targeting the neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s, and Prion's. Life sciences. 2020; 245, 117394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117394
35. Kumar, R., Aadil, K. R., Mondal, K., Mishra, Y. K., Oupicky, D., Ramakrishna, S., & Kaushik, A. Neurodegenerative disorders management: state-of-art and prospects of nanobiotechnology. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2021; 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2021.1993126
36. Couvreur, P., Gref, R., Andrieux, K., & Malvy, C. Nanotechnologies for drug delivery: Application to cancer and autoimmune diseases. Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 2006; 34(2-4), 231-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2005.11.009
37. Cho, J. H., & Feldman, M. Heterogeneity of autoimmune diseases: pathophysiologic insights from genetics and implications for new therapies. Nature Medicine. 2015; 21(7), 730-738. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3897
38. Gharagozloo, M., Majewski, S., & Foldvari, M. Therapeutic applications of nanomedicine in autoimmune diseases: from immunosuppression to tolerance induction. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2015; 11(4), 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.003
39. Xiao, Q., Li, X., Li, Y., Wu, Z., Xu, C., Chen, Z., & He, W. Biological drug, and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2021; 11(4), 941-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.018
40. Fakruddin, M., Hossain, Z., & Afroz, H. (2012). Prospects and applications of nanobiotechnology: a medical perspective. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 10(1), 1-8. http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/10/1/31
41. Zhu, C., Zhang, S., Song, C., Zhang, Y., Ling, Q., Hoffmann, P. R., ... & Huang, Z. Selenium nanoparticles decorated with Ulva lactuca polysaccharide potentially attenuate colitis by inhibiting NF-κB mediated hyper inflammation. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2017; 15(1), 1-15. 10.1186/s12951-017-0252-y
42. Brusini, R., Varna, M., & Couvreur, P. Advanced nanomedicines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2020; 157, 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.010
43. Tan, Q., He, L., Meng, X., Wang, W., Pan, H., Yin, W., ... & Shan, H. Macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers for anti-inflammation and targeted antiviral treatment in COVID-19. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 19(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00926-0
44. Bonilla, L., Esteruelas, G., Ettcheto, M., Espina, M., García, M. L., Camins, A., ... & Sánchez‐López, E. Biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of epilepsy: from current advances to future challenges. Epilepsia Open. 2021;00: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12567
45. Mukarram, M., Naeem, M., Aftab, T., & Khan, M. M. A. Chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides: recent advances and future perspectives. Radiation-Processed Polysaccharides. 2022; 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85672-0.00012-X
46. Vizirianakis, I. S., Miliotou, A. N., Mystridis, G. A., Andriotis, E. G., Andreadis, I. I., Papadopoulou, L. C., & Fatouros, D. G. Tackling pharmacological response heterogeneity by PBPK modeling to advance precision medicine productivity of nanotechnology and genomics therapeutics. Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development. 2019; 4(3), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808993.2019.1605828
47. Shintaro, H., Mona, U., Kumiko, T., Rie, H., Yuki, T., Masaaki, M., & Toshio, H. (2020). How Covid-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflammation and Regeneration. 2020; 40(37). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
48. Susana, R.C., Nagi, G.A. & Jae, K.L. Neuroinflammation Treatment via Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2020; 14: 576037. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.576037
49. Sivakami, A., Sarankumar, R., & Vinodha, S. Introduction to Nanobiotechnology: Novel and Smart Applications. In: Paul K, ed. Bio-manufactured Nanomaterials. Switzerland, SW. Springer Nature; 2021: 1-22.