The Definition of Asbestos - A Manufactured Defense to Avoid Regulation and Victim Compensation

Main Article Content

Triet H Tran David S Egilman, MD, MPH Tess Bird, MSc, DPhil Kate Clancy

Abstract

Background: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) first identified asbestos as a regulated workplace hazard in 1971. In the half century since, OSHA has fully rescinded only one of its hundreds of regulations, one that happened to regulate a form of asbestos found as an accessory mineral in cosmetic talc. This extremely rare action grew out of a 20-year campaign by Talc Mining and Manufacturing Companies (TM&MCs) to redefine some of the asbestos routinely found in talc as “non-asbestos” to keep talc out of the regulation. Under this new definition, at least 50% of the products sold as asbestos became “non-asbestos.”


Methods: We used systematic search techniques and grounded theory to review published studies, government records, corporate documents and public statements.


Results: Current asbestos regulations and test methods rely heavily on asbestos geologic definition which determine the majority of asbestos fibers as “non-asbestos.” In essence, this geologic definition defined some asbestos out of existence. However, asbestos regulations should be driven by the health effects of asbestos.


Conclusions: TM&MCs funded experts and lobbied OSHA to promote an overly restrictive definition of asbestos and to support inadequate test methods in place of more effective procedures. These companies subsequently relied on these same restrictive definitions and inadequate tests to falsely claim that their cosmetic talcs are free of asbestos. Replacing the restrictive geologic definition of asbestos with a health definition is needed to protect the public from the well-known dangers of asbestos.

Keywords: regulation, asbestos, asbestiform, non-asbestiform, talc, cancer

Article Details

How to Cite
TRAN, Triet H et al. The Definition of Asbestos - A Manufactured Defense to Avoid Regulation and Victim Compensation. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 6, june 2022. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2778>. Date accessed: 06 dec. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i6.2778.
Section
Research Articles

References

1. Egilman DS, Reinert AA. The origin and development of the asbestos Threshold Limit Value: scientific indifference and corporate influence. Int J Health Serv. 1995;25(4):667-96. doi:10.2190/EXVJ-RR1P-AYCG-1WH6
2. Case BW, Abraham JL, Meeker G, Pooley FD, Pinkerton KE. Applying definitions of "asbestos" to environmental and "low-dose" exposure levels and health effects, particularly malignant mesothelioma. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2011;14(1-4):3-39. doi:10.1080/10937404.2011.556045
3. Egilman D, Reinert A. The Origin And Development Of The Asbestos Threshold Limit Value: Scientific Indifference And Corporate Influence. International Journal of Health Services. 1995;25(4):667-696.
4. Wylie AG. Membrane Filter Method for Estimating Asbestos Fiber Exposure. In: Levadie B, ed. Definitions for Asbestos and Other Health-Related Silicates, ASTM ,STP 834. American Society for Testing and Materials; 1984:105-117.
5. Egilman D. Health Effects of Censored Elongated Mineral Particles: A Critical Review. In: Brisson M, ed. Detection Limits in Air Quality and Environmental Measurements - STP 1618. 2019.
6. Bartols J. Memo to E Pratt Re: Vanerbilt Talc Letter. 1977. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:bre4cyeg/.
7. Bird T, Steffen JE, Tran TH, Egilman DS. A Review of the Talc Industry's Influence on Federal Regulation and Scientific Standards for Asbestos in Talc. New Solut. Feb 27 2021:1048291121996645. doi:10.1177/1048291121996645
8. Bailey KF, Wylie A, Kelse J, Lee RJ. The Asbestiform and Prismatic Mineral Growth Habit and Their Relationship to Cancer Studies. NIOSH Docket1984. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-099A/0099A-030104-Pictorialpresentation.pdf.
9. Campbell WJ, Blake RL, Brown LL, Cather EE, Sjoberg JJ. Selected silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties: mineralogical definitions and identification-characterization. Information circular - Bureau of Mines ;8751. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior; 1977. p. 56. Available at: //catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005889018
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015078453563.
10. Johns-Manville (JM). Asbestos fiber (Chrysotile) MSDS. 1983. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:swvcqdj5/.
11. SPI Supplies Division Structure Probe I. Safety Data Sheet for Asbestos (Amosite). 2020. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:79qktvs8/.
12. Kelse JW. Letter to Ann Wylie. 1987. p. BOL045160-61. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:rdn24exd/.
13. Egilman DS, Bird T, Lee C. MetLife and its corporate allies: dust diseases and the manipulation of science. Int J Occup Environ Health. Oct-Dec 2013;19(4):287-303. doi:10.1179/2049396713Y.0000000033
14. Egilman D, Bird T, Lee C. Dust diseases and the legacy of corporate manipulation of science and law. Int J Occup Environ Health. Apr-Jun 2014;20(2):115-25. doi:10.1179/1077352514Z.000000000104
15. Vorwald AJ, Durkan TM, Pratt PC. Experimental Studies of Asbestosis. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. Jan 1951;3(1):1-43.
16. Gibbs GW, LaChance M. Dust-fiber relationships in the Quebec chrysotile industry. Archives of environmental health. Feb 1974;28(2):69-71.
17. OSHA. Federal Register Title 29 Vol. 37, 1910.93a Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust. 1972. p. 11318-11322. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:jbe5cp6b/.
18. US District Court for the District of Minnesota. United States v. Reserve Mining Company, 380 F. Supp. 11 (D. Minn. 1974). United States District Court, D. Minnesota, Fifth Division1974. Available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/380/11/1457853/.
19. OSHA. Federal Register VOL 51, No 119, pg 22739. 1986. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:h3qyvhkr/.
20. EPA. Subpart E—Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools. 52 FR 418461987. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/2003pt763_0.pdf.
21. Lowers H, Meeker G. Tabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology. 2002;
22. Skinner HCW, Ross M, Frondel C. Asbestos and other fibrous materials : mineralogy, crystal chemistry, and health effects. Oxford University Press; 1988:x, 204 p.
23. Gary M, McAfee R, Wolf CL, American Geological Institute. Glossary of geology. American Geological Institute; 1974:xiv, 805, 52 p.
24. Noland T. Pfizer Continues to muddy the water. 1977. p. 1. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:v4m2squ9/.
25. Fenner E. Memo to R. Lamar Re: Paper by CS Thompson: Asbestos in Your Future. 1977. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:s79ks4tq/.
26. Ashton W. Memo to W. Nashed Re: Talc Definition Meeting at RT Vanderbilt Company. 1973. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:957279/.
27. RTV. MSDS Nytal 99, Nytal 100, Nytal 100HR Industrial Talc. 1975. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:qh7d6mmc/.
28. Pier J. Email to Pronda Few RE: Effect of Grinding on Fiber Length. 2004. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:b4wv65v5/.
29. Zazenski R. TALC/ ASBESTOS POSITION PAPER. 2004. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:dbbefynt/.
30. Cralley LJ, Key MM, Groth DH, Lainhart WS, Ligo RM. Fibrous and mineral content of cosmetic talcum products. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. Jul-Aug 1968;29(4):350-4. doi:10.1080/00028896809343015
31. Gross P, deTreville RT, Cralley LJ, Granquist WT, Pundsack FL. The pulmonary response to fibrous dusts of diverse compositions. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. Mar-Apr 1970;31(2):125-32. doi:10.1080/0002889708506221
32. McEwen R. Memo to: Stender J. Re: Rescinding regulation of tremolite. 1973. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:ynft2qn5/.
33. Vanderbilt H. Letter to Shulte H. US Department of Labor Re: Rescinding regulation of RTV talc. 1974. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:bnhzbnhy/.
34. Wylie A. Letter to Guy Driver Re: Poindexter v. RTV, No asbestos in RTV Talc. 1983. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:psnqad79/.
35. Thompson CS. Letter to Chang Re: RTV recommendation of Wylie for promotion 1985. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:j464b67u/.
36. Chang L. Letter to Thompson Re: RTV Letter of Evaluation for Wylie Tenure Application. 1985. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:x9jbf5zs/.
37. Wylie A. Testimony at 1984 OSHA Asbestos Hearing. 1984. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:m46dpc7f/.
38. Rohl A, Langer A. Identification and Quantitation of Asbestos in Talc. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1974;9:95-109.
39. Unknown. Asbestos in Ontario. Industrial Mineral Report 36. Toronto Canada: Ontario Department of Mines and Northern Affairs; 1971. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:8nhpgedn/.
40. Langer AM, Nolan RP. Chrysotile: its occurrence and properties as variables controlling biological effects. Ann Occup Hyg. Aug 1994;38(4):427-51, 407. doi:10.1093/annhyg/38.4.427
41. Badollet M. Asbestos, a mineral of unparalleled properties, , . 1951;54:152-161.
42. Germine M, Puffer J. Origin and development of flexibility in asbestiform fibers. Mineralogical Magazine. 1989;(53):327-335.
43. Wylie AG. The importance of width in asbestos fiber carcinogenicity and its implications for public policy. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. May 1993;54(5):239-52.
44. Wylie A. Discriminating Amphibole Cleavage Fragments from. Asbestos·: Rationale and Methodology. Abstracts of Cornnunication, VII International Pneumoconiosis Conference NIOSH-ILD-BOM-MSHA-OSHA, . 1990. p. 1065 Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/90-108/.
45. Wylie A. Curriculum Vitae. 1989. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:zck6vf26/.
46. Wylie A. Discriminating Amphibole Cleavage Fragments from Asbestos: Rationaled and Methodology. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 90-108; 1988:1065-1069.
47. Wylie A. Curriculum Vitae of Ann Wylie. 1998. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:gywystqh/.
48. Wylie AG, Virta RL, Russek E. Characterizing and Discriminating Airborne Amphibole Cleavage Fragments and Amosite Fibers: Implications for the NIOSH Method. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1985/04/01 1985;46(4):197-201. doi:10.1080/15298668591394653
49. Puffer J, Germine M. Analytical transmission electron microscopy of amosite asbestos from South Africa. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2019;
50. Shedd K. Fiber Dimensions of Crocidolites From Western Australia, Bolivia, and the Cape and Transvaal Provinces of South Africa. United States Department Of The Interior. 1985;
51. Millette J. Procedure for the Analysis of Talc for Asbestos. The Microscope. 2015;63:11-20.
52. Wylie A, "Deposition In Re Johnson & Johnson Talcum Powder Products Marketing Sales Practices, And Products Liability Litigation Mdl No. 16-2738 (FLW)(LHG) United States District Court District Of New Jersey". 2019. p. 17. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:35vrv49x/.
53. Sanchez M. Deposition in Prudencio vs. J&J, Superior Court Of The State Of California County Of Alameda Case No. RG20061303. 2021. p. 293. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:wnhce7n2/.
54. McKubre MCH. The Importance of Replication. in ICCF-14 International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. Washington, DC. 2008;
55. Pier J. Talc: Asbestos Issues and Management. In: IMERYS, editor. 2006. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:957303/.
56. Surface charge measurements of amphibole cleavage fragments and fibers (1980).
57. Case BW. On talc, tremolite, and tergiversation. Ter-gi-ver-sate: 2: to use subterfuges. Br J Ind Med. May 1991;48(5):357-9.
58. RT Vanderbilt v. OSHA (D.C. Cir. No. 86-1415).
59. Dole E. United States Department of Labor Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1989. 1989;
60. Stender J. OSHA letter to Vanderbilt Re: Rescining regulation of nonasbestifrom ATA. 1974. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:9qarc7k7/.
61. OSHA. Final Asbestos Standard, Intro to 29 CFR Parts 1910 and 1926, Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite and Actinolite, Section 4 – Mineralogical Considerations. 1992. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:vmczxfhk/.
62. Stewart M. Testimony as 30b(6) witness in Booker v. Basf et al. Case No. RG15796166, In The Superior Court Of The State Of California In And For The County Of Alameda. . 2017. p. 258. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:svwcqpws/.
63. Stanton MF, Layard M, Tegeris A, et al. Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestoses and other fibrous minerals. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Nov 1981;67(5):965-75.
64. Dunnigan J. Biological effects of fibers: Stanton's hypothesis revisited. Environ Health Perspect. Aug 1984;57:333-7.
65. ATS. Health effects of tremolite. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society. The American review of respiratory disease. Dec 1990;142(6 Pt 1):1453-8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/142.6_Pt_1.1453
66. Wylie AG, Virta RL, Segreti JM. Characterization of mineral population by index particle: implication for the Stanton hypothesis. Environ Res. Aug 1987;43(2):427-39. doi:10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80043-9
67. Wylie A. Letter to Mr. Howard Wensley Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 1986. p. 1-2. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:4y6xx5z4/.
68. Addison J. Testimony at 1990 OSHA Hearing. 1990. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:k5andz3v/.
69. Spooner C. Testimony at 1990 OSHA Hearing. 1990. p. 267-8. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:k5andz3v/.
70. Davis JM, Addison J, McIntosh C, Miller BG, Niven K. Variations in the carcinogenicity of tremolite dust samples of differing morphology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Dec 31 1991;643:473-90.
71. OSHA. Federal Register: Occupation Exposure to Asbestos - 59:40962-41162. 1994. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:gnnas9ez
72. OSHA. Polarized Light Microscopy Of Asbestos ID-191. 1995. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/inorganic/id191/id191.html.
73. Zazenski R. Email to Julie Pier Re: article in IM - asbestos. 2008. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:841599/.
74. Meeker G. Asbestos Sans Mineralogy? A View from a Different Hilltop. Elements Magazine. October 2009;329:270.
75. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Supplement 7. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. 1987.
76. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2010;93:4.
77. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Some inorganic and organometallic compounds. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Man. 1973;2:1-181.
78. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Some miscellaneous pharmaceutical substances. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Man. 1977;13:1-255.
79. Perkins RL, Harvey BW. Test Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building Materials, EPA/600/R-93/116 (Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1993;
80. EPA. Response to the November 2005 National Stone, Sand & Gravel Association Report Prepared by the R.J. Lee Group, Inc “Evaluation of EPA’s Analytical Data from the El Dorado Hills Asbestos Evaluation Project”. 2006. Available at: https://archive.epa.gov/region9/toxic/web/pdf/rjlee-response4-20final.pdf.
81. Harper M. 10th Anniversary Critical Review: Naturally occurring asbestos. J Environ Monit. 2008;10(12):1394-408.
82. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Current Intelligence Bulletin. Asbestos Fibres and Other Elongate Mineral Particles: State of the Science and Roadmap for Research. 2011;
83. Yang H, Shie R, Chen P. Pulmonary fibrosis in workers exposed to non-asbestiform tremolite asbestos minerals. Epidemiology. 2013;24(1):143-9.
84. Yang H, Shie R, Chen P. Carving of non-asbestiform tremolite and the risk of lung cancer: a follow-up mortality study in a historical nephrite processing cohort. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(12):852-7.
85. Militello G, Gaggero L, Sanguineti E, González A, La Maestra S. Can non-asbestiform amphibole fibers trigger carcinogenesis mechanisms? 2020;
86. Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES). pinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. In Health Effects and the Identification of Cleavage Fragments of Amphiboles from Quarried Minerals; Request No. 2014_SA_0196. 2015;
87. Finkelstein MM. Malignant mesothelioma incidence among talc miners and millers in New York State. Am J Ind Med. Oct 2012;55(10):863-8. doi:10.1002/ajim.22063
88. Finkelstein MM. Pneumoconiosis and malignant mesothelioma in a family operated metal casting business that used industrial talc from New York state. Am J Ind Med. May 2013;56(5):550-5. doi:10.1002/ajim.22159
89. Hull MJ, Abraham JL, Case BW. Mesothelioma among Workers in Asbestiform Fiber-Bearing Talc Mines in New York State. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2002;46(suppl_1):132-135. doi:10.1093/annhyg/46.suppl_1.132
90. Gunter M. Testimony in Fishbain v. Colgate-Palmolive, Superior Court Of New Jersey Law Division-Middlesex County Docket Number Mid-L-5633-13as. 2015. p. 976. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:e6k9eke3/.
91. OSHA. Hearings on Proposed Standard On Occupational Exposure To Asbestos. 1984. p. 1. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:89ewq7c6/.
92. Wylie A. Testimony at NTP: Board Of Scientific Counselors Report On Carcinogens Subcommittee Meeting. 2000. p. 142. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:c8bs4yjy/.
93. Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA). TECHREG Notes. 2000. Available at:
https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:4ry7hn6s
94. Hopkins J. Testimony in Ingham vs J&J in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis State of Missouri. 2018. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:841559/.
95. Jehan N. Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources with Special Reference to Asbestos and Silica in northern Pakistan, PhD Thesis, Peshawar, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar. 1984;
96. Roggli V. Depostion in Schmitz v. Johnnson & Johnson, Case RG18923615, Superior Court Of California ·County Of Alameda. pg. 223. 2019. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:4cu9nqad/.
97. Egilman D. Fiber types, asbestos potency, and environmental causation: a peer review of published work and legal and regulatory scientific testimony. Int’l J Occup Environ Health. 2009:202-228.
98. Churg A. Lung asbestos content in long-term residents of a chrysotile mining town. The American review of respiratory disease. Jul 1986;134(1):125-7.
99. Churg A, Wright J, Wiggs B, Depaoli L. Mineralogic parameters related to amosite asbestos-induced fibrosis in humans. The American review of respiratory disease. Dec 1990;142(6 Pt 1):1331-6. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/142.6_Pt_1.1331
100. Churg A, Wright JL, Vedal S. Fiber burden and patterns of asbestos-related disease in chrysotile miners and millers. The American review of respiratory disease. Jul 1993;148(1):25-31. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.25
101. Warnock MD. Lung Asbestos burden in shipyard and construction workers with mesothelioma: comparison with burdens in Subjects with asbestosis or lung cancer. Environmental Research. 1989;50:68-85.
102. Case BW, Dufresne A, McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Sebastien P. Asbestos Fiber Type and Length in Lungs of Chrysotile Textile and Production Workers: Fibers Longer than 18 mum. Inhalation toxicology. Jan 2000;12 Suppl 3:411-8. doi:10.1080/08958378.2000.11463253
103. Dodson RF, Graef R, Shepherd S, O'Sullivan M, Levin J. Asbestos burden in cases of mesothelioma from individuals from various regions of the United States. Ultrastructural pathology. Sep-Oct 2005;29(5):415-33. doi:10.1080/019131290945682
104. Dodson RF, Poye LW. Tissue burden evaluation of elongated mineral particles in two individuals with mesothelioma and whose work history included manufacturing tile. Ultrastructural pathology. Jan 2 2020;44(1):17-31. doi:10.1080/01913123.2019.1709935
105. Dodson RF, Shepherd S, Levin J, Hammar SP. Characteristics of asbestos concentration in lung as compared to asbestos concentration in various levels of lymph nodes that collect drainage from the lung. Ultrastructural pathology. Mar-Apr 2007;31(2):95-133. doi:10.1080/01913120701423907
106. Emory TS, Maddox JC, Kradin RL. Malignant mesothelioma following repeated exposures to cosmetic talc: A case series of 75 patients. Am J Ind Med. Jun 2020;63(6):484-489. doi:10.1002/ajim.23106
107. Gibbs AR, Gardner MJ, Pooley FD, Griffiths DM, Blight B, Wagner JC. Fiber levels and disease in workers from a factory predominantly using amosite. Environ Health Perspect. Oct 1994;102 Suppl 5:261-3. doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s5261
108. Nolan RP, Langer AM, Addison J. Lung content analysis of cases occupationally exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Environ Health Perspect. Oct 1994;102 Suppl 5:245-50. doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s5245
109. Pooley FD, Clark N. Fiber dimensions and aspect ratio of crocidolite, chrysotile and amosite particles detected in lung tissue specimens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1979;330:711-6. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb18775.x
110. Roggli VL, Sporn TA, Case BW, Butnor KJ. Comments on Asbestos fibre concentrations in the lungs of brake workers: another look. Ann Occup Hyg. Mar 2009;53(2):191; author reply 192-3. doi:10.1093/annhyg/men079
111. Sebastien P, Fondimare A, Bignon J, Monchaux G, Desbordes J, Bonnaud G. Topographic distribution of asbestos fibres in human lung in relation to occupational and non-occupational exposure. Inhaled particles. Sep 1975;4 Pt 2:435-46.
112. Sebastien P, Janson X, Gaudichet A, Hirsch A, Bignon J. Asbestos retention in human respiratory tissues: comparative measurements in lung parenchyma and in parietal pleura. IARC scientific publications. 1980;(30):237-46.
113. Steffen JE, Tran T, Yimam M, et al. Serous Ovarian Cancer Caused by Exposure to Asbestos and Fibrous Talc in Cosmetic Talc Powders-A Case Series. J Occup Environ Med. Feb 2020;62(2):e65-e77. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001800
114. Suzuki Y, Yuen SR. Asbestos fibers contributing to the induction of human malignant mesothelioma. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Dec 2002;982:160-76.
115. Suzuki Y, Yuen SR, Ashley R. Short, thin asbestos fibers contribute to the development of human malignant mesothelioma: pathological evidence. International journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2005;208(3):201-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.015
116. Gaudichet A, Sebastien P, Clark NJ, Pooley FD. Identification and quantification of asbestos fibres in human tissues. IARC scientific publications. 1980;(30):61-8.
117. McDonald JC, McDonald AD. Chrysotile, tremolite, and mesothelioma. Science. Feb 10 1995;267(5199):776-7. doi:10.1126/science.267.5199.776-a
118. McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Case B, et al. Mesothelioma and asbestos fiber type. Evidence from lung tissue analyses. Cancer. Apr 15 1989;63(8):1544-7.
119. Williams-Jones AE, Normand C, Clark JR, et al. Controls of amphibole formation in chrysotile deposits: evidence from the Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec. Can Mineral. 2001;Spec. Publ. 5:89-104.
120. Puffer JH, Germine M. Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Amphibole Fibers from the Lungs of Quebec Miners. Arch Environ Occup Health. Nov 11 2014:0. doi:10.1080/19338244.2014.918928
121. Nayebzadeh A, Dufresne A, Case B, et al. Lung mineral fibers of former miners and millers from Thetford-Mines and asbestos regions: a comparative study of fiber concentration and dimension. Archives of environmental health. Jan-Feb 2001;56(1):65-76. doi:10.1080/00039890109604056
122. Liddell FD, McDonald AD, McDonald JC. Dust exposure and lung cancer in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers. Ann Occup Hyg. Jan 1998;42(1):7-20. doi:10.1016/s0003-4878(97)00053-7
123. Jersey SCoN. Appellate Division Decision Re: Stephen Lanzo and Kendra Lanzo vs. J&J et al. . 2021. Available at: https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:g6t35dht/.