COVID- 19 and Transplantation in India
Main Article Content
Abstract
COVID 19 pandemic had a major impact on solid transplantation worldwide. This impact was felt more severely in resource constrained countries like India. In the initial phase of the pandemic, transplantation activities were halted. This was because of increased strain on the healthcare facilities by the pandemic and all non-urgent surgeries were disrupted. Also, there was concern among physicians about the risk of immunosuppression during the ongoing pandemic. After receiving guidance from national health authorities, transplantation activities were cautiously restarted. With increasing understanding about the pathophysiology of the viral infection transplantation activity increased over the months and both COVID- 19 infected individuals were accepted as donor and recipients. This was done after a thorough clinical, microbiological and radiological evaluation. Vaccination was made available early in India and guidelines for vaccination were adopted for all kidney transplant recipients. Like everywhere else, it was noted that vaccine efficacy was suboptimal in transplant recipients and breakthrough infections were common. COVID-19 associated mucormycosis was a unique feature during the second wave of the pandemic in India. It almost manifested as an epidemic and had devastating consequences in our country. This review aims to look at the response of Indian transplant physicians combating the COVID-19 pandemic in the last two years. Mention is also made about the mucormycosis infections (an epidemic within the pandemic) which was an important issue during the second wave of the pandemic.
Article Details
How to Cite
ANANDH, Dr. Urmila.
COVID- 19 and Transplantation in India.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 6, june 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2867>. Date accessed: 14 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i6.2867.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. N Engl J Med 2019; 382:727-33. https://doi.org.10.1056 /NEJMoa2001017
2. Prasad N, Bhatt M, Agarwal SK, Kohli HS, Gopalakrishnan N, Fernando E et al. The adverse effect of COVID pandemic on the care of patients with kidney diseases in India. Kidney Int Rep 2020;5: 1545-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/jekir.2020.06.034
3. Meshram HS, Kute VB, Swarnalata G, Hegde U, Sharma A, Sahay M , et al. Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 on transplantation and nephrology in India: A nationwide report from India. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.008
4. Fava A, Cucchari D, Montero N, Toapanta N, Centellas FJ, Vila-Santandreu, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients: A multicentric cohort study. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:3030-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16246
5. Akalin E, Azzi Y, Bartash R, Seethamraju H, Parides M, Hemmige V et al. Covid 19 and transplantation. N Engl J Med 2020;382: 25-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2011117
6. Alberici F, Delbarba E, Manenti C, Econimo L, Valerio F, Pola A, et al. A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. Kidney Int. 2020:97:1083-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.002
7. Chaudhry ZS, Williams JD, Vahla A, Fadel R, Acosta TP, Prasher R , et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID -19 in solid organ transplant recipients: A cohort study. Am J Transplant.2020;20:3051-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16188
8. Gut G, Goral A, Canton ZD, Poznanski P, Krajewska M, Kusztal M. Kidney transplantation in COVID Pandemic-A review of guidelines. J Clin Med 2021,10,2877. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132877
9. Kute V,Guleria S, Prakash J,Shroff S,Prasad N, Agarwal SK, et al. NOTTO transplant specific guidelines with reference to COVID -19.Indian J Transplant 2020;14 :85-9
10. The Columbia University Kidney Transplant Program.Early description of coronavirus 2019 disease in kidney transplant recipients in New York. JASN 2020;31: 1150-56.https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020030375
11. Hasan SA,Dube G,Morris H,Fernandez H,Chang J-H,Paget K, et al. Early outcomes of outpatient management of kidney transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019.CJASN 2020:15:1174-8. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05170420
12. Meshram HS,Kute VB,Patel HV,Hegde U,Das P,Sil K, et al. Is early COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients concerning enough to halt transplantation?A multicenter comparative analysis from India. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.08.034
13. Jha PK,Yadav DK,Siddini V,Bansal SB,SharmaR,Anandh U, et al.A retrospective multi-center experience of renal transplants from India during COVID -19 pandemic. Clinical Transplantation 2021;1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14423.
14. Phanish M,Ster IC, Ghazanfar A, et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 and kidney transplant recipients,the South West London kidney Transplant Network Experience .Kidney Int Rep 2021: 6:574-85
15. Kute VB,Godara S,Guleria S,Ray DS,Aziz F,Hegde U , et al.Is it safe to be transplanted from living donors who recovered from COVID-19? Experience of 31 kidney transplants in a multicente cohort study from India.Transplantation 2021;105:842-50.
16. Kute VB,Ray DS,Yadav DK,Pathak V,Bhalla AK, Godara S, et al.A multicenter cohort study from India of 75 kidney transplants in recipients recovered after COVID -19. Transplantation 2021;105:1423-32.
17. Kute VB,Ray DS,Aziz F,Godara SM,Hegde U,Anil Kumar BT, et al.Management strategies and outcomes in renal transplant recipients recovering from COVID-19 : A retrospective , multicentre, cohort study.EClinical Medicine 2022.101359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101359
18. Knisely A Zhou ZN, Wu J et al. Perioperative morbidity and mortality of patients with COVID -19 who undergo urgent and emergent surgical procedures.Ann Surg 2021;273:34-40
19. Elias M, Pievani D,Randoux C, Louis K,Denis B,Delion A,et al.COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients:disease incidence and clinical outcomes. JASN 2020;31:2413-2423
20. Molinar MZ,Bhalla A, Azhar A, Tsujita M,Talwar M, Balaraman V, et al.Outcomes of critically ill solid organ transplant patients with COVID-19 in the United States. Am J Transplant 2020;20:3061-71
21. Nair V, Jandovitz N, Hirsch JS, et al. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients.Am J Transplant.2020;20:1819-25
22. Fernandez-Ruiz M, Andres A,Loniaz C et al.COVID 19 in solid organ transplant recipients:A single centre case series from Spain.Am J Transplant 2020;20:1849-58.
23. Banerjee D,Popoola J,Shah S, Ster IC,Quan V, Phanish M.COVID -19 infection in kidney transplant recipients.Kidney Int. 2020;97:1076-82.
24. Rocco C, Reis T, Husain-Syed F.Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 .Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:738-42.
25. Bajpai D,Deb S,Bose S,Gandhi C,Modi T,Katyal A, et al.Recovery of kidney function after AKI because of COVID -19 in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant International 2021:34:1074-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13886
26. Anandh U,Gowrishankar S,Sharma A,Salama A,Dasgupta I. Kidney transplant dysfunction in a patient with COVID-19 infection: role of concurrent Sars-Cov 2 nephropathy, chronic rejection and vitamin C-mediated hyperoxalosis:case report.BMC Nephrology (2021) 22:91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02298-x
27. Polack FP,Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J,Gurtman A,Lockhart S, et al.Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine.N Engl J Med 2020;383:2603-15.
28. Ramasamy MN,Minassian AM,Ewer KJ,Flaxman AL,Folegatti PM,Owens DR , et al.Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOX1 nCov -19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): A single-blind randomised, controlled phase2/3 trial. Lancet 2021;396 :1979-93.
29. Kute VB, Agarwal SK, Prakash J, Guleria S, Shroff S, Sharma A,et al. NOTTO COVID-19 vaccine guidelines for transplant recipients. Indian J Nephrol 2021;31:89-91
30. Kamar N, Abravanel F, Marion O, Couat C, Izopet J, Del Bello A.Three doses of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2021;385:7-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2108861
31. Caillard S, Thaunat O. COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021;17:785-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00491-7.
32. Meshram HS, Kute VB, Shah N, Chauhan S, Navadiya VV, Patel AH, et al. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients vaccinated with Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (Covishield): A single-center experience from India. Transplantation 2021; 105:e100 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000003835
33. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID -19 from ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022;37:271-284 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab303
34. Raut A,Huy NT. Rising incidence of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19: another challenge for India amidst the second wave? https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00265-4
35. Meshram HS, Kute VB, Yadav DK, Godara S, Dalal S,Guleria S et al. Impact of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in kidney transplant recipents: A multicenter cohort study. Transplantation Direct 2022;8:e1255; https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000001255.
2. Prasad N, Bhatt M, Agarwal SK, Kohli HS, Gopalakrishnan N, Fernando E et al. The adverse effect of COVID pandemic on the care of patients with kidney diseases in India. Kidney Int Rep 2020;5: 1545-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/jekir.2020.06.034
3. Meshram HS, Kute VB, Swarnalata G, Hegde U, Sharma A, Sahay M , et al. Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 on transplantation and nephrology in India: A nationwide report from India. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.008
4. Fava A, Cucchari D, Montero N, Toapanta N, Centellas FJ, Vila-Santandreu, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients: A multicentric cohort study. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:3030-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16246
5. Akalin E, Azzi Y, Bartash R, Seethamraju H, Parides M, Hemmige V et al. Covid 19 and transplantation. N Engl J Med 2020;382: 25-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2011117
6. Alberici F, Delbarba E, Manenti C, Econimo L, Valerio F, Pola A, et al. A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. Kidney Int. 2020:97:1083-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.002
7. Chaudhry ZS, Williams JD, Vahla A, Fadel R, Acosta TP, Prasher R , et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID -19 in solid organ transplant recipients: A cohort study. Am J Transplant.2020;20:3051-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16188
8. Gut G, Goral A, Canton ZD, Poznanski P, Krajewska M, Kusztal M. Kidney transplantation in COVID Pandemic-A review of guidelines. J Clin Med 2021,10,2877. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132877
9. Kute V,Guleria S, Prakash J,Shroff S,Prasad N, Agarwal SK, et al. NOTTO transplant specific guidelines with reference to COVID -19.Indian J Transplant 2020;14 :85-9
10. The Columbia University Kidney Transplant Program.Early description of coronavirus 2019 disease in kidney transplant recipients in New York. JASN 2020;31: 1150-56.https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020030375
11. Hasan SA,Dube G,Morris H,Fernandez H,Chang J-H,Paget K, et al. Early outcomes of outpatient management of kidney transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019.CJASN 2020:15:1174-8. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05170420
12. Meshram HS,Kute VB,Patel HV,Hegde U,Das P,Sil K, et al. Is early COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients concerning enough to halt transplantation?A multicenter comparative analysis from India. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.08.034
13. Jha PK,Yadav DK,Siddini V,Bansal SB,SharmaR,Anandh U, et al.A retrospective multi-center experience of renal transplants from India during COVID -19 pandemic. Clinical Transplantation 2021;1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14423.
14. Phanish M,Ster IC, Ghazanfar A, et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 and kidney transplant recipients,the South West London kidney Transplant Network Experience .Kidney Int Rep 2021: 6:574-85
15. Kute VB,Godara S,Guleria S,Ray DS,Aziz F,Hegde U , et al.Is it safe to be transplanted from living donors who recovered from COVID-19? Experience of 31 kidney transplants in a multicente cohort study from India.Transplantation 2021;105:842-50.
16. Kute VB,Ray DS,Yadav DK,Pathak V,Bhalla AK, Godara S, et al.A multicenter cohort study from India of 75 kidney transplants in recipients recovered after COVID -19. Transplantation 2021;105:1423-32.
17. Kute VB,Ray DS,Aziz F,Godara SM,Hegde U,Anil Kumar BT, et al.Management strategies and outcomes in renal transplant recipients recovering from COVID-19 : A retrospective , multicentre, cohort study.EClinical Medicine 2022.101359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101359
18. Knisely A Zhou ZN, Wu J et al. Perioperative morbidity and mortality of patients with COVID -19 who undergo urgent and emergent surgical procedures.Ann Surg 2021;273:34-40
19. Elias M, Pievani D,Randoux C, Louis K,Denis B,Delion A,et al.COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients:disease incidence and clinical outcomes. JASN 2020;31:2413-2423
20. Molinar MZ,Bhalla A, Azhar A, Tsujita M,Talwar M, Balaraman V, et al.Outcomes of critically ill solid organ transplant patients with COVID-19 in the United States. Am J Transplant 2020;20:3061-71
21. Nair V, Jandovitz N, Hirsch JS, et al. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients.Am J Transplant.2020;20:1819-25
22. Fernandez-Ruiz M, Andres A,Loniaz C et al.COVID 19 in solid organ transplant recipients:A single centre case series from Spain.Am J Transplant 2020;20:1849-58.
23. Banerjee D,Popoola J,Shah S, Ster IC,Quan V, Phanish M.COVID -19 infection in kidney transplant recipients.Kidney Int. 2020;97:1076-82.
24. Rocco C, Reis T, Husain-Syed F.Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 .Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:738-42.
25. Bajpai D,Deb S,Bose S,Gandhi C,Modi T,Katyal A, et al.Recovery of kidney function after AKI because of COVID -19 in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant International 2021:34:1074-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13886
26. Anandh U,Gowrishankar S,Sharma A,Salama A,Dasgupta I. Kidney transplant dysfunction in a patient with COVID-19 infection: role of concurrent Sars-Cov 2 nephropathy, chronic rejection and vitamin C-mediated hyperoxalosis:case report.BMC Nephrology (2021) 22:91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02298-x
27. Polack FP,Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J,Gurtman A,Lockhart S, et al.Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine.N Engl J Med 2020;383:2603-15.
28. Ramasamy MN,Minassian AM,Ewer KJ,Flaxman AL,Folegatti PM,Owens DR , et al.Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOX1 nCov -19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): A single-blind randomised, controlled phase2/3 trial. Lancet 2021;396 :1979-93.
29. Kute VB, Agarwal SK, Prakash J, Guleria S, Shroff S, Sharma A,et al. NOTTO COVID-19 vaccine guidelines for transplant recipients. Indian J Nephrol 2021;31:89-91
30. Kamar N, Abravanel F, Marion O, Couat C, Izopet J, Del Bello A.Three doses of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2021;385:7-8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2108861
31. Caillard S, Thaunat O. COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021;17:785-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00491-7.
32. Meshram HS, Kute VB, Shah N, Chauhan S, Navadiya VV, Patel AH, et al. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients vaccinated with Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (Covishield): A single-center experience from India. Transplantation 2021; 105:e100 https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000003835
33. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, Docherty AB, Oates G, Hardwick HE et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID -19 from ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022;37:271-284 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab303
34. Raut A,Huy NT. Rising incidence of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19: another challenge for India amidst the second wave? https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00265-4
35. Meshram HS, Kute VB, Yadav DK, Godara S, Dalal S,Guleria S et al. Impact of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in kidney transplant recipents: A multicenter cohort study. Transplantation Direct 2022;8:e1255; https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000001255.