Mental Health of Emergency Department Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 in Brooklyn, New York
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background. Maintaining good mental health among Emergency Department healthcare workers (ED HCW) is paramount to well-functioning healthcare. We measured mental health and COVID-19 symptoms in ED HCW at a COVID-19 epicenter.
Methods. A cross-sectional, convenience sample of adult (>18 years) ED HCW in Brooklyn, New York, USA, who were employed at >50% of a full-time effort, was surveyed September–December, 2020 with reference period March-May 2020. An anonymous email-distributed survey assessed gender, age, race, healthcare worker status (clinical versus non-clinical), SARS-CoV-2 testing, number of people to talk to, COVID-19-related home problems, mental health care interruption during COVID-19, loneliness, and survey date. Outcomes included symptoms of depression, psychological distress, perceived stress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and resilience measured using validated scales.
Results. Of 774 HCW, 247 (31.9%) responded (mean age 38.2±10.8 years; 59.4% White; 52.5% men; 80.1% clinical; 61.6% SARS-CoV-2 tested). Average mental health scores were significantly higher among clinical vs non-clinical HCW (P’s<0.0001-0.019). The proportion reporting a clinically-relevant psychological distress symptom burden was higher among clinical vs non-clinical HCW (35.8% vs 13.8%, p=0.019); and suggested for depression (53.9% clinical vs 35.7% non-clinical, p=0.072); perceived stress (63.6% clinical vs 44.8% non-clinical, p=0.053); and PTSD (18.2% clinical vs 3.6% non-clinical, p=0.064). Compared to non-clinical staff, Medical Doctors and Doctors of Osteopathy reported 4.8-fold higher multivariable-adjusted odds of clinically-relevant perceived stress (95%CI 1.8-12.9, p=0.002); Emergency Medical Technicians reported 15.5-fold higher multivariable-adjusted odds of clinically-relevant PTSD (95%CI 1.6-150.4, p=0.018). Increasing age, number of COVID-19-related home problems and people to talk to, loneliness and mental health care interruption were adversely associated with mental health; being male and SARS-CoV-2 testing were beneficial.
Conclusions. COVID-19-related mental health burden was high among ED HCW in Brooklyn. Mental health support services are essential for ED HCW.
Article Details
How to Cite
GUSTAFSON, Deborah R. et al.
Mental Health of Emergency Department Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 in Brooklyn, New York.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 7, july 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2903>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i7.2903.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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9. Ayalew M, Deribe B, Abraham Y, Reta Y, Tadesse F, Defar S. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Its Predictors Among Healthcare Workers Following COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:818910. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.818910
10. Carmassi C, Cerveri G, Bertelloni CA, et al. Mental health of frontline help-seeking healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak in the first affected hospital in Lombardy, Italy. Psychiatry Res. Apr 2021;298:113763. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113763
11. Fari G, de Sire A, Giorgio V, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in a cohort of Italian rehabilitation healthcare workers. J Med Virol. Jan 2022;94(1):110-118. doi:10.1002/jmv.27272
12. Hurst KT, Ballard ED, Anderson GE, et al. The mental health impact of contact with COVID-19 patients on healthcare workers in the United States. Psychiatry Res. Feb 2022;308:114359. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114359
13. Pappa S, Chen J, Barnett J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the mental health symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. Feb 2022;76(2):41-50. doi:10.1111/pcn.13306
14. Halms T, Strasser M, Kunz M, Hasan A. How to Reduce Mental Health Burden in Health Care Workers During COVID-19?-A Scoping Review of Guideline Recommendations. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:770193. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.770193
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19. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. Apr 2009;42(2):377-81. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010
20. D'Souza G, Springer G, Gustafson D, et al. COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection among people living with HIV in the US: the MACS/WIHS combined cohort study. HIV Res Clin Pract. Oct 2020;21(5):130-139. doi:10.1080/25787489.2020.1844521
21. Hughes AJ, Patel K, Fitzgerald KC, Brown A, Gromisch ES, Mowry EM. Reliability and validity of the multiple sclerosis resiliency scale (MSRS). J Neurol Sci. Nov 15 2020;418:116983. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116983
22. Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Roberts RE, Allen NB. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychol Aging. Jun 1997;12(2):277-87. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.12.2.277
23. Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Feb 2003;60(2):184-9. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
24. Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. J Trauma Stress. Dec 2015;28(6):489-98. doi:10.1002/jts.22059
25. Hays RD, Schalet BD, Spritzer KL, Cella D. Two-item PROMIS(R) global physical and mental health scales. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2017;1(1):2. doi:10.1186/s41687-017-0003-8
26. Sinclair VG, Wallston KA. The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment. Mar 2004;11(1):94-101. doi:10.1177/1073191103258144
27. Zhang W, O'Brien N, Forrest JI, et al. Validating a shortened depression scale (10 item CES-D) among HIV-positive people in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40793. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040793
28. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. Dec 1983;24(4):385-96.
29. Warttig SL, Forshaw MJ, South J, White AK. New, normative, English-sample data for the Short Form Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). J Health Psychol. Dec 2013;18(12):1617-28. doi:10.1177/1359105313508346
30. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs) (2013).
31. Shechter A, Diaz F, Moise N, et al. Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Sep - Oct 2020;66:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007
32. Civantos AM, Byrnes Y, Chang C, et al. Mental health among otolaryngology resident and attending physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic: National study. Head Neck. Jul 2020;42(7):1597-1609. doi:10.1002/hed.26292
33. Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiol Infect. Feb 9 2021;149:e46. doi:10.1017/S0950268821000303
34. Sasaki N, Asaoka H, Kuroda R, Tsuno K, Imamura K, Kawakami N. Sustained poor mental health among healthcare workers in COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal analysis of the four-wave panel survey over 8 months in Japan. J Occup Health. Jan 2021;63(1):e12227. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12227
35. New York Times. Tracking Coronavirus in New York: Latest Map and Case Count. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/new-york-covid-cases.html
36. Bernstein CA, Bhattacharyya S, Adler S, Alpert JE. Staff Emotional Support at Montefiore Medical Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. Mar 2021;47(3):185-189. doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.11.009
37. Mellins CA, Mayer LES, Glasofer DR, et al. Supporting the well-being of health care providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The CopeColumbia response. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Nov - Dec 2020;67:62-69. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.013
38. Richmond JS, Dragatsi D, Stiebel V, Rozel JS, Rasimas JJ. American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Recommendations to Address Psychiatric Staff Shortages in Emergency Settings. Psychiatr Serv. Apr 1 2021;72(4):437-443. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900501
39. Ilhan B, Kupeli I. Secondary traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression among emergency healthcare workers in the middle of the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Am J Emerg Med. Feb 2022;52:99-104. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.051
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