Approaching New Clinical Horizons: The Case of Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) in children is, to our knowledge, a very common but until now very often neglected outcome of, among other things, a) a stressful pregnancy, b) preterm birth and c) stressful term birth with pre- and perinatal injuries. The entire visual system includes both the eyes and the brain, and damage can affect one or both of these organs. The visual brain-focused aim is that children gain precise visual access to their surroundings, linking visual information with the appropriate language and motor skills to both enable them to understand what they see and guide movements along the visual acuity. Thus, vision, language and motor skills typically evolve together during the first months of life.
The meaning of the so called ‘seeing sense’ is still not considered enough to understand its contribution to normal developmental stages and vision-related deterioration in childhood. A systematic diagnostic approach to CVI in the medical system is missing. Consequently, experimental interventions are very rare. However, due to the demographic development (e.g. the increase in preterm births) there is an increase in the prevalence and cerebral visual dysfunctions and the need for its treatment.
Early insult to the visual system affects more than visual brain perception. As visual brain processing is related to cognition, emotion, motivation and the motor system, early visual impairments could negatively influence the development of all these functional systems. Thus, human brain development depends on structural and functional visual conditions and can be significantly disturbed by cerebral visual impairment. This article emphasizes the influence of possible early damage to the visual pathways on general development and academic achievement and the implication of CVI in the development of affected children.
Article Details
How to Cite
FRIEDERICHS, Edgar; FRIEDERICHS, Petra.
Approaching New Clinical Horizons: The Case of Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI).
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 8, aug. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2948>. Date accessed: 03 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i8.2948.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1) Hall Lueck A, Dutton GN. Vision and the Brain Understanding Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children AFB Press; 2015.
2) Dutton GN. The spectrum of cerebral visual impairment as a sequel to premature birth. An overview. Documenta Opthalmologica. 2013: 127(1) 69-78
3) Fazzi E, Signorini SG, Bova SM, La Piana R, Ondei P, Bertone C, Bianchi PE. Spectrum of Visual Disorders in Children with Cerebral Visual Impairment. Journal of Child Neurology. 2007: 22(3) 294-301
4) Fazzi E, Sigorini SG, Bianchi PE. Visual impairment in Cerebral palsy: In. G.N Duttin & M. Bax (Eds) Visual impairment in children due to damage to the brain. 2010; (pp 194-203) London Mc Keith Press
5) Fazzi E, Signorini SG, LaPiana R, Bertone C, Misefari W., Galli J, Bianchi PE. Neuro-ophthalmological disorders in cerebral palsy: Ophthalmological, oculomotor, and visual aspects. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2012: 54(8), 730-736
6) Chong C, Dai S. Cross-sectional study on childhood cerebral visual impairment in New Zealand. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (JAAPOS). 2014: 18(1), 71-74
7) Bosch DG, Boonstra FN, Willemsen A, Cremeres FP, de Vries BB. Low vision due to cerebral visual impairment: differentiating between acquired and genetic cases. BMC Opthalmology. 2014: 14(59) 1-9
8) Lanners J, Piccioni A, Fea F, Goeregen E. Early intervention for children with cerebral visual impairment: preliminary results. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 1999: 43(1) 1- 12
9) Zihl J, Dutton GN. Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children: Visuoperceptive and Visuocognitive Disorders. Wien: Vienna Springer Verlag; 2015.
10) Roman-Lantzy CA. Cortical Visual Impairment: An Approach to Assessment and Intervention. New York: AFB Press; 2007.
11) Jan JE. Cortical visual impairment is not the same as cerebral visual impairment. Letter to the editor. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 2011: 105(2), 68-70
12) Kerkhoff G. Evidenzenbasierte Verfahren in der neurovisuellen Rehabilitation Neurologie & Rehabilitation. 2010: 16(2) 82-90
13) Good WV, Jan JE, DeSa L, Barkovich AJ, Groenveld M, Hoyt CS. Cortical Visual Impairment in Children. Survey of Opthalmology. 1994: 38(4) 351-364
14) Knauer C, Pfeiffer N. Erblindung in Deutschland – heute und 2030. Opthalmologe. 2006: 103 735-741
15) Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Zeitgemäße Möglichkeiten visueller Rehabilitation Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2011: 108 (51-52) 871-878
16) Jan JE, Heaven RKB, Matsuba C, Langley M, Roman-Lantzy, C, Anthony TL. Windows into the visual brain: New discoveries about the visual system, its functions, and implications for practioners J Vis Impair Blind. 2013: 107(4) 251-261.
17) Dutton GN, Saaed A, Fahad B, Fraser R,. Mc-Faid G, McDade J, Spowart K. The association of binocular lower visual field impairment, impaired simultaneous perception, disordered visually guided motion and inaccurate saccades in children with cerebral visual dysfunction- A retrospective observational study Eye. 2004: 18 27-34
18) Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. Neuroscience Exploring the Brain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
19) Friederichs P, Friederichs E. Es muss nicht immer ADHS sein. Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart, 2021
20) Hubel D, Wiesel T. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat´s visual cortex. J Physiol. 1962: 160 106-154.
21) Hubel D. Explorations of the primary visual cortex 1955-1978 (Nobel Lecture) Nature. 1982: 299 515-524.
22) Rees G. Visual attention the thalamus at the centre? Curr Biol. 2009: 19(5) 213-214.
23) Saalmann YB, Kastner S. Gain control in the visual thalamus during perception and cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2006: 19(4) 408-414
24) Eliot L. 2000. What's Going On in There? How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life. Bantam Books 2000
25) Goodale MA, Millner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action Trends Neurosci. 1992: 15(1) 20-25.
26) Millner AD, Goodale MA. The Visual Brain in Action. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
27) Goodale MA, Millner AD. Sight unseen. An Exploration of Conscious and Subconscious Vison. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
28) Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G. The mirror neuron system. Arch Neurol. 2009: 66(5) 557-560.
29) Hatton DD, Schwietz E, Boyer B, Rychwalskyi P. Babies Count: The national registry for children with visual impairments, birth to 3 years. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2007: 11(4) 351-355
30) Boonstra N, Limburg H, Tijmes N, van Genderen M, Schuil J, van Nispen R. Changes in causes of low vision between 1988 and 2099 in a Dutch population of children. Acta Opthalmologica. 2012: 90, 277-286
31) Macintyre-Béon C, Young D, Dutton GN, Mitchell K, Simpson J, Loffler G, Hamilton R. Cerebral visual dysfunction in prematurely born children attending mainstream school. Documenta Opthalmologica. 2013: 127(2) 89-102
32) Alimovic S. Emotional and behavioural problems in children with visual impairment, intellectual and multiple disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013: 57(2), 153-160
33) Jan JE, Groenveld M, Sykanda AM, Hoyt CS. Behavioral characteristics of children with permanent cortical visual impairment. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1987: 29, 571-576
34) Reynell J. Developmental Patterns of Visually Handicapped Children. Child, care, health and development. 1978: 4 291-303
35) Lurija AR. The Working Brain. An Introduction to Neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books; 1973.
36) Macintyre-Béon C, Ibrahim H, Hay S, Cockburn D, Calvert J, Dutton GN. et al. Dorsal stream dysfunction in children: a review and an approach to diagnosis and management. Current Pediatric Reviews. 2010: 6(3) 166-182
37) Dutton GN, Calvert J, Ibrahim H, MacDonald E, McCulloch DL, Macintyre-Béon C et al. Structured clinical history taking for cognitive and perceptual visual dysfunction and for profound visual disabilities due to damage to the brain in children. In: G.N. Dutton & M. Bax (Eds.). 2010; (pp. 117-128) London: Mac Keith Press
38) Balint R. Seelenlähmung des Schauens, optische Ataxie, räumliche Störung der Aufmerksamkeit. Monatszeitschrift für Psychiatrische Neurologie. 1909: 25 51-81
39) Barkley RA. Working Memory. New York, Oxford University Press 1986
40) Weissman DH, Woldorff MG. Hemispheric asymmetries for different components of global/local attention occur in distinct temporo-parietal loci. Cerebral Cortex. 2005: 15(6) 870-876
41) Hyvärinen L, Walthes R, Freitag C, Petz V. Profile of visual functioning as a bridge between education and medicine in the assessment of impaired vision. Strabismus. 2012: 20 63-68
42) Vidyasagar TR, Pammer K. Dyslexia A deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010: 14 57-63.
43) Baddeley AD. Working Memory. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986.
44) Atkinson J. The developing visual brain, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2000
45) Atkinson J, Braddick O. Linked brain development for vision, visual attention and visual cognition in typical development and development disorders. In: D. Riva Njiokiktjien, C, Bulgheroni, S. (Eds), Brain lesion localization and developmental functions. 2011; (pp 247-270), Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext.
46) Macintyre-Béon C, Young D, Calvert J, Ibrahim K, Dutton GN, Bowman R. Reliability of a question inventory for structured history taking in children with cerebral visual impairment. Eye. 2012: 26(10) 1393
47) McKillop E, Dutton GN. Impairment of vision in children due to damage to the brain: A practical approach. British & Irish Orthoptic Journal. 2008: 5 8-14
48) Friederichs, E and Wahl, S. (Re)-wiring a brain with light: Clinical and visual processing findings after application of specific coloured glasses in patients with symptoms of a visual processing disorder (CVPD): Challenge of a possible new perspective. Medical Hypotheses 2017: 105 49-62
49) Friederichs, E. Pestalozzi und die Vision vom Gehirn – Fortsetzung einer Geschichte. DOZ Verlag, Heidelberg, 03 2005
50) Sadato N, Pascal-Leone A, Grafman J, Ibanez V, Deiber M, Dold G, Hallett M. Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature 1996: 380 526-527
2) Dutton GN. The spectrum of cerebral visual impairment as a sequel to premature birth. An overview. Documenta Opthalmologica. 2013: 127(1) 69-78
3) Fazzi E, Signorini SG, Bova SM, La Piana R, Ondei P, Bertone C, Bianchi PE. Spectrum of Visual Disorders in Children with Cerebral Visual Impairment. Journal of Child Neurology. 2007: 22(3) 294-301
4) Fazzi E, Sigorini SG, Bianchi PE. Visual impairment in Cerebral palsy: In. G.N Duttin & M. Bax (Eds) Visual impairment in children due to damage to the brain. 2010; (pp 194-203) London Mc Keith Press
5) Fazzi E, Signorini SG, LaPiana R, Bertone C, Misefari W., Galli J, Bianchi PE. Neuro-ophthalmological disorders in cerebral palsy: Ophthalmological, oculomotor, and visual aspects. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2012: 54(8), 730-736
6) Chong C, Dai S. Cross-sectional study on childhood cerebral visual impairment in New Zealand. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (JAAPOS). 2014: 18(1), 71-74
7) Bosch DG, Boonstra FN, Willemsen A, Cremeres FP, de Vries BB. Low vision due to cerebral visual impairment: differentiating between acquired and genetic cases. BMC Opthalmology. 2014: 14(59) 1-9
8) Lanners J, Piccioni A, Fea F, Goeregen E. Early intervention for children with cerebral visual impairment: preliminary results. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 1999: 43(1) 1- 12
9) Zihl J, Dutton GN. Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children: Visuoperceptive and Visuocognitive Disorders. Wien: Vienna Springer Verlag; 2015.
10) Roman-Lantzy CA. Cortical Visual Impairment: An Approach to Assessment and Intervention. New York: AFB Press; 2007.
11) Jan JE. Cortical visual impairment is not the same as cerebral visual impairment. Letter to the editor. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 2011: 105(2), 68-70
12) Kerkhoff G. Evidenzenbasierte Verfahren in der neurovisuellen Rehabilitation Neurologie & Rehabilitation. 2010: 16(2) 82-90
13) Good WV, Jan JE, DeSa L, Barkovich AJ, Groenveld M, Hoyt CS. Cortical Visual Impairment in Children. Survey of Opthalmology. 1994: 38(4) 351-364
14) Knauer C, Pfeiffer N. Erblindung in Deutschland – heute und 2030. Opthalmologe. 2006: 103 735-741
15) Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Zeitgemäße Möglichkeiten visueller Rehabilitation Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2011: 108 (51-52) 871-878
16) Jan JE, Heaven RKB, Matsuba C, Langley M, Roman-Lantzy, C, Anthony TL. Windows into the visual brain: New discoveries about the visual system, its functions, and implications for practioners J Vis Impair Blind. 2013: 107(4) 251-261.
17) Dutton GN, Saaed A, Fahad B, Fraser R,. Mc-Faid G, McDade J, Spowart K. The association of binocular lower visual field impairment, impaired simultaneous perception, disordered visually guided motion and inaccurate saccades in children with cerebral visual dysfunction- A retrospective observational study Eye. 2004: 18 27-34
18) Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. Neuroscience Exploring the Brain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
19) Friederichs P, Friederichs E. Es muss nicht immer ADHS sein. Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart, 2021
20) Hubel D, Wiesel T. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat´s visual cortex. J Physiol. 1962: 160 106-154.
21) Hubel D. Explorations of the primary visual cortex 1955-1978 (Nobel Lecture) Nature. 1982: 299 515-524.
22) Rees G. Visual attention the thalamus at the centre? Curr Biol. 2009: 19(5) 213-214.
23) Saalmann YB, Kastner S. Gain control in the visual thalamus during perception and cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2006: 19(4) 408-414
24) Eliot L. 2000. What's Going On in There? How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life. Bantam Books 2000
25) Goodale MA, Millner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action Trends Neurosci. 1992: 15(1) 20-25.
26) Millner AD, Goodale MA. The Visual Brain in Action. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
27) Goodale MA, Millner AD. Sight unseen. An Exploration of Conscious and Subconscious Vison. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
28) Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G. The mirror neuron system. Arch Neurol. 2009: 66(5) 557-560.
29) Hatton DD, Schwietz E, Boyer B, Rychwalskyi P. Babies Count: The national registry for children with visual impairments, birth to 3 years. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2007: 11(4) 351-355
30) Boonstra N, Limburg H, Tijmes N, van Genderen M, Schuil J, van Nispen R. Changes in causes of low vision between 1988 and 2099 in a Dutch population of children. Acta Opthalmologica. 2012: 90, 277-286
31) Macintyre-Béon C, Young D, Dutton GN, Mitchell K, Simpson J, Loffler G, Hamilton R. Cerebral visual dysfunction in prematurely born children attending mainstream school. Documenta Opthalmologica. 2013: 127(2) 89-102
32) Alimovic S. Emotional and behavioural problems in children with visual impairment, intellectual and multiple disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013: 57(2), 153-160
33) Jan JE, Groenveld M, Sykanda AM, Hoyt CS. Behavioral characteristics of children with permanent cortical visual impairment. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1987: 29, 571-576
34) Reynell J. Developmental Patterns of Visually Handicapped Children. Child, care, health and development. 1978: 4 291-303
35) Lurija AR. The Working Brain. An Introduction to Neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books; 1973.
36) Macintyre-Béon C, Ibrahim H, Hay S, Cockburn D, Calvert J, Dutton GN. et al. Dorsal stream dysfunction in children: a review and an approach to diagnosis and management. Current Pediatric Reviews. 2010: 6(3) 166-182
37) Dutton GN, Calvert J, Ibrahim H, MacDonald E, McCulloch DL, Macintyre-Béon C et al. Structured clinical history taking for cognitive and perceptual visual dysfunction and for profound visual disabilities due to damage to the brain in children. In: G.N. Dutton & M. Bax (Eds.). 2010; (pp. 117-128) London: Mac Keith Press
38) Balint R. Seelenlähmung des Schauens, optische Ataxie, räumliche Störung der Aufmerksamkeit. Monatszeitschrift für Psychiatrische Neurologie. 1909: 25 51-81
39) Barkley RA. Working Memory. New York, Oxford University Press 1986
40) Weissman DH, Woldorff MG. Hemispheric asymmetries for different components of global/local attention occur in distinct temporo-parietal loci. Cerebral Cortex. 2005: 15(6) 870-876
41) Hyvärinen L, Walthes R, Freitag C, Petz V. Profile of visual functioning as a bridge between education and medicine in the assessment of impaired vision. Strabismus. 2012: 20 63-68
42) Vidyasagar TR, Pammer K. Dyslexia A deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010: 14 57-63.
43) Baddeley AD. Working Memory. New York: Oxford University Press; 1986.
44) Atkinson J. The developing visual brain, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2000
45) Atkinson J, Braddick O. Linked brain development for vision, visual attention and visual cognition in typical development and development disorders. In: D. Riva Njiokiktjien, C, Bulgheroni, S. (Eds), Brain lesion localization and developmental functions. 2011; (pp 247-270), Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext.
46) Macintyre-Béon C, Young D, Calvert J, Ibrahim K, Dutton GN, Bowman R. Reliability of a question inventory for structured history taking in children with cerebral visual impairment. Eye. 2012: 26(10) 1393
47) McKillop E, Dutton GN. Impairment of vision in children due to damage to the brain: A practical approach. British & Irish Orthoptic Journal. 2008: 5 8-14
48) Friederichs, E and Wahl, S. (Re)-wiring a brain with light: Clinical and visual processing findings after application of specific coloured glasses in patients with symptoms of a visual processing disorder (CVPD): Challenge of a possible new perspective. Medical Hypotheses 2017: 105 49-62
49) Friederichs, E. Pestalozzi und die Vision vom Gehirn – Fortsetzung einer Geschichte. DOZ Verlag, Heidelberg, 03 2005
50) Sadato N, Pascal-Leone A, Grafman J, Ibanez V, Deiber M, Dold G, Hallett M. Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature 1996: 380 526-527