The Concept of Entropy within the Context of Psychosocial Adaptation Following the Onset of Chronic Illness and Disability: History and Nature of Entropy and Its Psychodynamic Implications
Main Article Content
Abstract
The second law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of entropy, posits that all physical processes, in a closed system, will evolve over time toward a state of higher disorderliness and randomness. Isolated efforts to explore and examine the application of this law to human psychosocial processes (psychological entropy) have been undertaken only since the middle of the 20th century and have been limited in scope. In this article, the authors explore several domains where psychological entropy (PE) may be helpful in elucidating the nature, structure, and processes inherent in psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability (CID). This article is devoted to providing the reader with a brief outline of the scope of the law of physical entropy through highlighting its historical milestones, and examining its relationships with such concepts as chaos, flow of time, informational systems, the dynamics underlying denial, and finally, its link to a selected group of psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives. In a companion article, we explore potential clinical applications.
Keywords:
entropy, psychosocial adaptation, adjustment, disability, chronic illness
Article Details
How to Cite
LIVNEH, H.; RUMRILL, Phillip; BISHOP, Malachy.
The Concept of Entropy within the Context of Psychosocial Adaptation Following the Onset of Chronic Illness and Disability: History and Nature of Entropy and Its Psychodynamic Implications.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 9, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3017>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i9.3017.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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22. Vargas B, Cuesta-Frau D, Ruiz-Esteban R, Cirugeda E, Varela M. What can biosignal entropy tell us about health and disease? Applications in some clinical fields. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2015;19(4):419-436.
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38. Dishion TJ, Nelson SE, Winter CE, Bullock BM. Adolescent friendship as a dynamic system: Entropy and deviance in the etiology and course of male antisocial behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004;32(6):651-663.
39. Dishion TJ, Forgatch M, Van Ryzin M, Winter C. The nonlinear dynamics of family problem solving is adolescence: The predictive validity of a peaceful resolution attractor. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2012;16(3):331-352.
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43. Hobfoll S. Conservation of resources and disaster in cultural context: The caravans and passageways of resources. Psychiatry. 2012;75:227-232.
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46. Marini I, Stebnicki MA, eds. The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability. 6th ed. Springer; 2012.
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48. Hobfoll S. Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2011;84:116-122.
49. Brummelhuis L, Bakker A. A resource perspective on the work-home interface. Am Psychol. 2012;67:545-556.
50. Strauser D. Career Development, Employment and Disability in Rehabilitation: From Theory to Practice. Springer; 2014.
51. Breznitz, S. The seven kinds of denial. In S. Breznitz (Ed.), The Denial of Stress. International Universities Press; 1983:257-280.
52. Goldbeck R. Denial in physical illness. J Psychosom Res. 1987;43(6):575-593.
53. Hamilton V. Information-processing aspects of denial: Some tentative formulations. In: Breznitz S, ed. The Denial of Stress. International Universities Press; 1983:167-195.
54. Kortte KB, Wegener ST. Denial of illness in medical rehabilitation populations: Theory, research, and definition. Rehabil Psychol. 2004;49(3):187-199.
55. Livneh H. Denial of chronic illness and disability: Part I. Theoretical, functional, and dynamic perspectives. Rehabil Couns Bull. 2009;52(4):225-236.
56. Horowitz MJ. Stress response syndromes and their treatment. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S, eds. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects. The Free Press; 1983:711-732.
57. Horowitz MJ. Stress Response Syndromes. 2nd ed. Jason Aronson; 1986.
58. Lazarus RS. The costs and benefits of denial. In: Breznitz S, ed. The Denial of Stress. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1983:1-30.
59. Lazarus RS, Folkman D. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer; 1984.
60. Vandereycken W. Denial of illness: A concept in search of refinement. Adv Psychol Res. 2005;37:63-95.
61. Wheeler S, Lord L. Denial: A conceptual analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1999;13(6):311-320.
62. Carroll S. Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and The Emergence of Spacetime. Dutton; 2019.
63. Haynes KE, Phillips F, Yu MC. Recent applications of entropy in social and environmental sciences. In: Reggiani A, ed. Handbook on Entropy, Complexity and Spatial Dynamics: A Rebirth of Theory? UK: Edward Elgar; 2021:32-45.
64. Cerf R. Pathway to psychological change from the structural stability theory. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2015;19(1):13-39.
65. Schöller H, Viol K, Goditsch H, Aichhorn W, Hütt MT, & Schiepek G. A nonlinear dynamic systems model of psychotherapy: First steps toward validation and the role of external input. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2019;23(1):79-112.
66. Cutler CD, Neufeld RW. Nonlinear indices with applications to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2019;23(1):17-56.
67. Guastello SJ. Modelling illness and recovery with nonlinear dynamics. In: Sturmberg JP, Martin CM, eds. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. Springer; 2013:147-156.
68. Gatenby RA, Frieden BR. Application of information theory and extreme physical information to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002;62(13):3675-3684.
69. Jiang GJA, Fan SZ, Abbod MF, et al. Sample entropy analysis of EEG signals via artificial neural networks to model patients’ consciousness level based on anesthesiologists experience. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:343478.
70. Srinivasan V, Eswaran C, Sriraam N. Approximate entropy-based epileptic EEG detection using artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2007;11(3):288-295.
71. Yao Y, Lu WL, Xu B, et al. The increase of the functional entropy of the human brain with age. Sci Rep. 2013;3(1):1-8
72. Carhart-Harris R, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, et al. The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014.
73. Liang Z, Wang Y, Sun X, et al. EEG entropy measures in anesthesia. Front Comput Neurosci. 2015.
74. La Cerra P. The first law of psychology is the second law of thermodynamics: The energetic evolutionary model of the mind and the generation of human psychological phenomena. The Human Nature Review. 2003;3:440-447.
75. Pincus D, Cadsky O, Berardi V, Asuncion CM, Wann K. Fractal self-structure and psychological resilience. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2019;23(1):57-78.
76. Haan N. Coping and Defending: Processes of Self-Environment Organization. Academic Press; 1977.
77. Guevara Erra R, Mateos DM, Wennberg R, Perez Velazquez JL. Towards a statistical mechanics of consciousness: Maximization of number of connections is associated with conscious awareness. Phys Rev E, 2016;94(5):1-18.
78. Mateos DM, Guevara Erra R, Wennberg R, Perez Velazquez JL. Measures of entropy and complexity in altered states of consciousness. Cogn Neurodyn. 2018;12(1):73-84.
79. Jach HK, Smillie LD. The fear of fly to the unknown: Tolerance of ambiguity and big five personality traits. J Res Pers. 2019;79:67-78.
80. Gibson JJ. The theory of affordances. In: Shaw, RE, Bransford J, eds. Perceiving, Acting and Knowing. Erlbaum; 1977:56-60.
81. Hartson HR. Cognitive, physical, sensory and functional affordances in interaction design. Behav Inf Technol. 2003;22(5):315-338.
82. Jenkins HS. Gibson’s “Affordances”: Evolution of a pivotal concept. J Sci Psychol. 2008;12(2008):34-45.
83. Brehm JW, Wright RA, Solomon S, Silka L, Greenberg J. (1983). Perceived difficulty, energization, and the magnitude of goal valence. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1983;19(1):21-48.
84. Baumeister RF, Faber JE, Wallace HM. Coping and ego depletion: Recovery after the coping process. In: Snyder CR, ed. Coping: The Psychology of What Works. Oxford University Press; 1999:50-69.
85. Ryan RM, Deci EL. From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to self. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008;2(2):702-717.
2. Lewin K. A Dynamic Theory Of Personality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1935.
3. Marrow AJ. The Practical Theorist: The Life and Work Of Kurt Lewin. Basic Books; 1969.
4. Guastello SJ. (2010). Entropy. In: Guastello SJ, Gregson RA, eds. Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences Using Real Data. Taylor & Francis; 2010:213-230.
5. Clegg B. The Reality Frame. UK: Icon Books; 2017.
6. Greene B. The Fabric Of The Cosmos: Space, Time, and The Texture Of Reality. Vintage Books; 2004.
7. Greene B. Until the End of Time. Alfred Knopf; 2020.
8. Masterpasqua F, Perna PA, eds. The Psychological Meaning of Chaos: Translating Theory Into Practice. American Psychological Association; 1997.
9. Williams N. The Concept of Psychological Entropy. The Negative Psychologist. https://thenegativepsychologist.com/the-concept-of-psychological-entropy/. Published September 7, 2011.
10. Carroll S. From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory Of Time. Plume; 2010.
11. Carroll S. The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself. Dutton; 2016.
12. Rovelli C. The Order of Time. Riverhead Books; 2017.
13. Lockwood M. The Labyrinth of Time: Introducing the Universe. Oxford University Press; 2005.
14. Prigogine I, Strengers I. Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature. Bantam Books; 1984.
15. Davis P. The fifth miracle: The Search for The Origin and Meaning of Life. Simon & Schuster; 1999.
16. Guastello SJ. The complexity of the psychological self and the principle of optimum variability. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2015;19(4):511-527.
17. Schuldberg D. What is optimum variability? Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2015;19(4):553-568.
18. Hirsh JB, Mar RA, Peterson JB. Psychological entropy: A framework for understanding uncertainty-related anxiety. Psychol Rev. 2012;119(2):304-320.
19. Muller RA. Now: The Physics of Time. W. W. Norton; 2016.
20. Capra F. The Web of Life. Anchor Books; 1996.
21. Krauss LM. The Greatest Story Ever Told-So Far. Atria; 2017.
22. Vargas B, Cuesta-Frau D, Ruiz-Esteban R, Cirugeda E, Varela M. What can biosignal entropy tell us about health and disease? Applications in some clinical fields. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2015;19(4):419-436.
23. Falk D. In Search of Time: The History, Physics, and Philosophy Of Time. Thomas Dunne Books; 2008.
24. Davis P. The Cosmic Blueprint. Templeton Foundation Press; 1988.
25. Gribbin J. Deep Simplicity: Bringing Order to Chaos and Complexity. Random House; 2004.
26. Gribbin J. In Search of the Multiverse. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
27. Smolin L. Time Reborn. Mariner Books; 2013.
28. Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J. 1948;27(3):379-423:623-656.
29. Susskind L. The Black Hole War. Back Bay Books; 2008.
30. Wiener N. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 2nd ed. MIT Press; 1961.
31. Davies P. The Demon in The Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information Are Solving the Mystery of Life. UK: Penguin; 2019.
32. Kuang, K. Reconceptualizing uncertainty in illness: Commonalities, variations, and the multidimensional nature of uncertainty. Ann Int Commun Assoc. 2018;42(3):181-206.
33. Shannon CE, Weaver W. The Mathematical Theory of Information. University of Illinois Press; 1949.
34. Klein MJ. Order, organization and entropy. Br J Philos Sci. 1953;4(14):158-160.
35. Burgers JM. (1954). Entropy and disorder. Br J Philos Sci. 1954;5(17):70-71.
36. Szasz TS. Entropy, organization and the problem of the economy of human relations. Int J Psychoanal. 1955;36(4-5):289-297.
37. Szasz TS. Is the concept of entropy relevant to psychology and psychiatry? Psychiatry, 1956;19(2):199-202.
38. Dishion TJ, Nelson SE, Winter CE, Bullock BM. Adolescent friendship as a dynamic system: Entropy and deviance in the etiology and course of male antisocial behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004;32(6):651-663.
39. Dishion TJ, Forgatch M, Van Ryzin M, Winter C. The nonlinear dynamics of family problem solving is adolescence: The predictive validity of a peaceful resolution attractor. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2012;16(3):331-352.
40. DeYoung CG. The neuromodulator of exploration: A unifying theory of the role of dopamine in personality. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:762.
41. Carver CS, Scheier MF. On the Self-Regulation of Behavior. Cambridge University Press; 1998.
42. Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, van der Maas HL. The attitudinal entropy (AE) framework as a general theory of individual attitudes. Psychol Inq. 2018;29(4):175-193.
43. Hobfoll S. Conservation of resources and disaster in cultural context: The caravans and passageways of resources. Psychiatry. 2012;75:227-232.
44. Kosciulek J. The social context of coping. In: Martz E, Livneh H, eds. Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability. Springer; 2007:29-48.
45. Martz E, Livneh H, eds. Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability. Springer; 2007.
46. Marini I, Stebnicki MA, eds. The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability. 6th ed. Springer; 2012.
47. Mohr D, Hart S, Julian L, Cox D, Pelletier D. Association between stressful life events and exacerbation in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. BMJ. 2004;328(7442):731.
48. Hobfoll S. Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2011;84:116-122.
49. Brummelhuis L, Bakker A. A resource perspective on the work-home interface. Am Psychol. 2012;67:545-556.
50. Strauser D. Career Development, Employment and Disability in Rehabilitation: From Theory to Practice. Springer; 2014.
51. Breznitz, S. The seven kinds of denial. In S. Breznitz (Ed.), The Denial of Stress. International Universities Press; 1983:257-280.
52. Goldbeck R. Denial in physical illness. J Psychosom Res. 1987;43(6):575-593.
53. Hamilton V. Information-processing aspects of denial: Some tentative formulations. In: Breznitz S, ed. The Denial of Stress. International Universities Press; 1983:167-195.
54. Kortte KB, Wegener ST. Denial of illness in medical rehabilitation populations: Theory, research, and definition. Rehabil Psychol. 2004;49(3):187-199.
55. Livneh H. Denial of chronic illness and disability: Part I. Theoretical, functional, and dynamic perspectives. Rehabil Couns Bull. 2009;52(4):225-236.
56. Horowitz MJ. Stress response syndromes and their treatment. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S, eds. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects. The Free Press; 1983:711-732.
57. Horowitz MJ. Stress Response Syndromes. 2nd ed. Jason Aronson; 1986.
58. Lazarus RS. The costs and benefits of denial. In: Breznitz S, ed. The Denial of Stress. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1983:1-30.
59. Lazarus RS, Folkman D. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer; 1984.
60. Vandereycken W. Denial of illness: A concept in search of refinement. Adv Psychol Res. 2005;37:63-95.
61. Wheeler S, Lord L. Denial: A conceptual analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1999;13(6):311-320.
62. Carroll S. Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and The Emergence of Spacetime. Dutton; 2019.
63. Haynes KE, Phillips F, Yu MC. Recent applications of entropy in social and environmental sciences. In: Reggiani A, ed. Handbook on Entropy, Complexity and Spatial Dynamics: A Rebirth of Theory? UK: Edward Elgar; 2021:32-45.
64. Cerf R. Pathway to psychological change from the structural stability theory. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2015;19(1):13-39.
65. Schöller H, Viol K, Goditsch H, Aichhorn W, Hütt MT, & Schiepek G. A nonlinear dynamic systems model of psychotherapy: First steps toward validation and the role of external input. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2019;23(1):79-112.
66. Cutler CD, Neufeld RW. Nonlinear indices with applications to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2019;23(1):17-56.
67. Guastello SJ. Modelling illness and recovery with nonlinear dynamics. In: Sturmberg JP, Martin CM, eds. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. Springer; 2013:147-156.
68. Gatenby RA, Frieden BR. Application of information theory and extreme physical information to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002;62(13):3675-3684.
69. Jiang GJA, Fan SZ, Abbod MF, et al. Sample entropy analysis of EEG signals via artificial neural networks to model patients’ consciousness level based on anesthesiologists experience. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:343478.
70. Srinivasan V, Eswaran C, Sriraam N. Approximate entropy-based epileptic EEG detection using artificial neural networks. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2007;11(3):288-295.
71. Yao Y, Lu WL, Xu B, et al. The increase of the functional entropy of the human brain with age. Sci Rep. 2013;3(1):1-8
72. Carhart-Harris R, Leech R, Hellyer PJ, et al. The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014.
73. Liang Z, Wang Y, Sun X, et al. EEG entropy measures in anesthesia. Front Comput Neurosci. 2015.
74. La Cerra P. The first law of psychology is the second law of thermodynamics: The energetic evolutionary model of the mind and the generation of human psychological phenomena. The Human Nature Review. 2003;3:440-447.
75. Pincus D, Cadsky O, Berardi V, Asuncion CM, Wann K. Fractal self-structure and psychological resilience. Nonlinear Dyn Psychol Life Sci. 2019;23(1):57-78.
76. Haan N. Coping and Defending: Processes of Self-Environment Organization. Academic Press; 1977.
77. Guevara Erra R, Mateos DM, Wennberg R, Perez Velazquez JL. Towards a statistical mechanics of consciousness: Maximization of number of connections is associated with conscious awareness. Phys Rev E, 2016;94(5):1-18.
78. Mateos DM, Guevara Erra R, Wennberg R, Perez Velazquez JL. Measures of entropy and complexity in altered states of consciousness. Cogn Neurodyn. 2018;12(1):73-84.
79. Jach HK, Smillie LD. The fear of fly to the unknown: Tolerance of ambiguity and big five personality traits. J Res Pers. 2019;79:67-78.
80. Gibson JJ. The theory of affordances. In: Shaw, RE, Bransford J, eds. Perceiving, Acting and Knowing. Erlbaum; 1977:56-60.
81. Hartson HR. Cognitive, physical, sensory and functional affordances in interaction design. Behav Inf Technol. 2003;22(5):315-338.
82. Jenkins HS. Gibson’s “Affordances”: Evolution of a pivotal concept. J Sci Psychol. 2008;12(2008):34-45.
83. Brehm JW, Wright RA, Solomon S, Silka L, Greenberg J. (1983). Perceived difficulty, energization, and the magnitude of goal valence. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1983;19(1):21-48.
84. Baumeister RF, Faber JE, Wallace HM. Coping and ego depletion: Recovery after the coping process. In: Snyder CR, ed. Coping: The Psychology of What Works. Oxford University Press; 1999:50-69.
85. Ryan RM, Deci EL. From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to self. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008;2(2):702-717.