Development of first Generation COVID-19 Vaccines: State-of the-Art Technologies and future Implications!
Main Article Content
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or Coronavirus was initially detected in Wuhan China in December 2019 and has subsequently resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease presents asymptomatically in some of individuals yet also causes symptoms ranging from those associated with influenza and pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even death. The world is currently relying on physical (social) distancing, hygiene and repurposed medicines; however, it was predicted that an effective vaccine will be necessary to ensure comprehensive protection against COVID-19. There was a global effort to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with approximately 300 vaccines in clinical trials, and over 200 more in different stages of development and anticipated that their success will change research clinical trials processes. Although every one of these vaccines comes with its own particular set of characteristics and difficulties, they were all developed as a direct result of research and development efforts that were carried out on a scale that had never been seen before. It is the first time in the history of vaccination that a worldwide immunization campaign has begun during a time of severe pandemic activity that is defined by high virus transmission. This achievement marks an important milestone in the history of vaccination. More than anything else, the most important aspect of the new game change in drug design is that the traditional drug discovery rules have been rewritten. This is especially significant for the development of vaccines, as it is possible for all clinical trials to be accelerated, which would bring a vaccine or drug molecule to market within a year rather than the traditional fifteen years for each phase of drug clinical trials. This review provides insight in respect to first generation COVID-19 vaccines, which were in clinical use as of December 2020 and focused on the Pfizer/ BioNTech/Fosun, Moderna mRNA-1273, Johnson and Johnson and AstraZeneca/Oxford AZD1222 vaccines.
Keywords:
Coronavirus, Vaccines, AstraZeneca, Moderna (mRNA-1273), Pfizer, Johnson and Johnson, Gamaleya, Sinopharm, Viral Vector, Sputnik
Article Details
How to Cite
MWEETWA, Larry L et al.
Development of first Generation COVID-19 Vaccines: State-of the-Art Technologies and future Implications!.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 9, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3027>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i9.3027.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert F, Küpper J. Herd immunity or suppression strategy to combat COVID-19. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2020;75(1):13-17. doi:10.3233/ch-209006
3. Netea M, Joosten L, Latz E et al. Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science (1979). 2016;352(6284). doi:10.1126/science.aaf1098
4. Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez S et al. Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals. Cell. 2020;181(7):1489-1501.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015
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7. Anderson E, Rouphael N, Widge A et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(25):2427-2438. doi:10.1056/nejmoa2028436
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19. Mulligan M, Lyke K, Kitchin N et al. Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults. Nature. 2020;586(7830):589-593. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4
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26. Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study To Assess The Efficacy And Safety Of Ad26.COV2. A For The Prevention Of SARS-Cov-2-Mediated COVID-19 In Adults Aged 18 Years And Older. Available Online: Https://Clinicaltrials.Gov/Ct2/Show/NCT04505722..; 2022.
27. Johnson & Johnson Johnson & Johnson Announces Single-Shot Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Met Primary Endpoints In Interim Analysis Of Its Phase 3 ENSENBLE Trial. Available Online: Https://Www.Jnj.Com/Johnson-Johnson-Announces-Single-Shot-Janssen-Covid-19-Vaccine-Candidate-Met-Primary-Endpoints-In-Endpoints-Interim-Analysis-Of-Its-Phase-3-Ensemble-Trial#_Edn1..; 2022.
28. Logunov D, Dolzhikova I, Zubkova O et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. The Lancet. 2020;396(10255):887-897. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31866-3
29. Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. The Lancet. 2021;397(10275):642-643. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00191-4
30. Palacios R, Patiño E, de Oliveira Piorelli R et al. Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by Sinovac – PROFISCOV: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1). doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04775-4
31. Kim J, Marks F, Clemens J. Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials. Nat Med. 2021;27(2):205-211. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01230-y
32. Tanveer F, Khalil A, Ali M, Shinwari Z. Ethics, pandemic and environment; looking at the future of low middle income countries. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01296-z
33. Djalante R, Shaw R, DeWit A. Building resilience against biological hazards and pandemics: COVID-19 and its implications for the Sendai Framework. Progress in Disaster Science. 2020;6:100080. doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100080
34. Monrad J. Ethical considerations for epidemic vaccine trials. J Med Ethics. 2020;46(7):465-469. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106235
35. UN Environment Programme COVID-19 vaccine could revolutionize cold storage around the world; 2020;2022
36. UN Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG) Responding to the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19. ; 2020;2022
37. Forni G, Mantovani A. COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead. Cell Death & Differentiation. 2021;28(2):626-639. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-00720-9
38. Covid-19 Vaccination; Where Do We Stand?. Journal of Saidu Medical College Swat. 2021. doi:10.52206/jsmc.2021.11.2.61-62
39. Shen A, Hughes IV R, DeWald E, Rosenbaum S, Pisani A, Orenstein W. Ensuring Equitable Access To COVID-19 Vaccines In The US: Current System Challenges And Opportunities. Health Affairs. 2021;40(1):62-69. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01554
40. Wakabayashi M, Ezoe S, Yoneda M, Katsuma Y, Iso H. Global landscape of the COVID-19 vaccination policy: Ensuring equitable access to quality-assured vaccines. GHM Open. 2021. doi:10.35772/ghmo.2021.01029
41. Hotez P, Bottazzi M. Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Annu Rev Med. 2022;73(1):55-64. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212
42. Zheng C, Shao W, Chen X, Zhang B, Wang G, Zhang W. Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a literature review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022;114:252-260. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.009
43. Alu A, Chen L, Lei H, Wei Y, Tian X, Wei X. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: From bench to bed. EBioMedicine. 2022;76:103841. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103841
44. Kaplonek P, Cizmeci D, Fischinger S et al. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines elicit antibodies with differences in Fc-mediated effector functions. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(645). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abm2311
45. Nohynek H, Wilder-Smith A. Does the World Still Need New Covid-19 Vaccines?. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;386(22):2140-2142. doi:10.1056/nejme2204695
46. Vuong Q, Le T, La V et al. Covid-19 vaccines production and societal immunization under the serendipity-mindsponge-3D knowledge management theory and conceptual framework. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2022;9(1). doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01034-6
47. Marra A, Kobayashi T, Suzuki H et al. Short-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2022;84(3):297-310. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.035