Mechanism of Thrombosis During COVID-19 Infection Due to SARS-CoV-2 Virus and its Variants, and a Clinically Proven Strategy to Combat with Probiotics and their Immunomodulins
Main Article Content
Abstract
The US patent 11,077,052 B1, issued in August of the year 2021, has been granted relying on the research conducted until September 2020, using the multiple mixed strain probiotics and their immunomodulins to prevent or treat COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 and its limited variants. Since then the SARS-CoV-
2 virus continuously generated multiple variants with different genomic configurations, almost to the point of overriding the vaccines and medications. The objective of this research article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the invention outlined in the U.S. patent 11,077,052 B1 on the variants of SARS- CoV-2 evolved in the later years of 2020, 2021 and 2022. This research has great significance because vaccines are not totally effective because of the high rate of mutations of SARS-CoV-2 virus resulting in antigenically different variants, which are overriding the immunity conferred by vaccines. Thus, there is a definite need for a reliable alternative or adjuvant therapy, which can be used either by itself or used as adjuvant therapy along with vaccines to combat COVID-19 infection due to SAR-CoV-2 virus and its continuously mutating variants of different antigenicity. The results of this investigation proved that the use of multiple mixed strain probiotics along with their immunomodulins are effective not only on novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus evolved in late 2019 and mid 2020 but also the mutated variants in the later part of the years 2020, 2021, and 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic is not yet contained as of August 2022. The SARS-CoV- 2 virus has been continuously mutating generating variants which are resisting vaccines and the treatments. The death’s due to SARS -COV- 2 viral infections are attributed predominantly to cytokine storm and thrombosis resulting in ARDS (Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome} and multi organ failure. The earlier published article thoroughly discussed about the genesis and control of cytokine storm to protect the victims. This article mainly emphasizes the Pathophysiology of thrombosis, due to SARS-CoV-2 virus and its recent multiple variants, and the ways and means of controlling it to prevent or cure COVID-19, using the multiple mixed strain probiotics and their Immunomodulins. The hormonal and enzymatic system variations causing the disturbance in homeostasis of the vascular system resulting in thrombosis, due to SARS-CoV-2 virus and its continuously evolving variants is thoroughly discussed. In addition, the infection pattern and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing endothelial cell lysis of the vascular system resulting in thrombosis has been elucidated with molecular details. The specific role of immunomodulins of the multiple mixed strain probiotics to prevent or treat COVID-19 disease induced thrombosis has also been presented. The physiological functions of individual components of the probiotics and the immunomodulins produced by the multiple mixed strain probiotics, is presented for the first time with explicitly proven molecular details, showing how they contribute individually and cumulatively to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection, due to SARS-CoV-2 virus and its multiple variants, generated during the years 2020 through 2022, to induce thrombosis.
Keywords:
Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics, Probiotic Immunomodulins, Immunomodulins, Postbiotics, Thrombosis, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Corona Virus, ACE-2, ACE, US Patent # 11,077,052, Lysosomal Trafficking Pathway, Biosynthetic Secretory Pathway, Delta variant, Omicron Variant, Dysbiosis
Article Details
How to Cite
REDDY, Malireddy S..
Mechanism of Thrombosis During COVID-19 Infection Due to SARS-CoV-2 Virus and its Variants, and a Clinically Proven Strategy to Combat with Probiotics and their Immunomodulins.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 9, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3075>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i9.3075.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Reddy MS. Mechanism of Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: How can probiotics combat it? JAAPI. 2021; 1(3): 27-35.
3. Reddy MS. Selected multiphase treatment for coronavirus respiratory infections. US Patent #11,077,052, B1. 2021; 1-38.
4. Li, W., Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003; 426: 450–454. doi: 10.1038/nature02145
5. Li X, Jang Y, Agostin IS, et. al. Is Hydrochloroquine beneficial for Covid -19 patients? Cell Death Dis. 2020; 11: 512. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2721-8.
6. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020; 181: 271–280. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
7. Kirchdoerfer RN, Cottrell CA, Wang, N, et al. Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein. Nature. 2016; 531: 118–121. doi: 10.1038/nature17200
8. Turner, A. J., Tipnis, S. R., Guy, J. L., et. al. ACEH/ACE2 is a novel mammalian metallocarboxypeptidase and a homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme insensitive to ACE inhibitors. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2002; 80: 346–353. doi: 10.1139/y02-021
9. Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., et. Al. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020; 367: 1444–1448. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2762
10. Sharma A, Sharma SK, Shi Y, et.al. BCG Vaccination Policy and preventive Chloroquine usage: Do they have an impact on covid -19 pandemic? Cell Death Dis. 2020; 11: 516. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2720-9.
11. Verkhratsky A, Li Q, Melino S, et.al. Can COVID -19 pandemic boost the epidemic of Neurogenerative disease? Biol. 2020; Direct 15: 28.
12. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme–related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circul. 2000; Res. 87, e1–e9. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.87.5.e1
13. Celardo I, Pace L, Cifaldi L,. et.al. The immune system view of the Corona Virus SARS – CoV-2. Biol Direct. 2020; 15:30.
14. Krijnse-Locker J, Ericsson M, Rottier P. Characterization of the budding compartment of mouse hepatitis virus: evidence that transport from the RER to the Golgi complex requires only one vesicular transport step. J. Cell Biol. 1994; 124: 55–70. doi: 10.1083/jcb.124.1.55
15. Ghosh S, Dellibovi – Raghes TA, Kerviel A, et.al., β – Coronaviruses use lysosomes for egress instead of the biosynthetic secretory pathway. Cell. 2020; 183(6): 1520-1535.
16. Fehr AR, and Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Coronaviruses. 2015; 1282: 1–23. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
17. Ducatelle R, Hoorens, J. Significance of Lysosomes in the Morphogenesis of Corona Viruses. Arch Viral. 1984; 79: 1-12.
18. Westerbeck JW, Machamer CE. The infectious Bronchitis Corona Virus envelop protein alters Golgi Ph to protect the spike protein and promote the release of infectious virus. J. Virol. 2019; 93: (11): e.000 15-19. Doi: 10. 1128/jvi. 0015-19.
19. Matsuyama MA, Kubil SP, Yoshinaga SK, et al. An Aberrant Stat pathway is central to COVID -19. Cell Death Differ. 2020; 27: 3209-3225.
20. Wang X, Melino G, Shi Y. Active or passively deacidified Lysosomes push β – Corona Virus egress. Cell Death Disease. 2021; 12:235.
21. Agarti C, Sacchi A, Bordoni V, et.al. Expansion of Myeloid derived suppressor cells in patients with severe Corona Virus disease (COVID -19). Cell Death Differ. 2020; 3196 – 3207.
22. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, et.al. COVID -19 infection: The perspective on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020; 27: 1451-1454.
23. Reddy MS. Probiotics: genesis, current definition, and proven therapeutic properties. JAAPI. 2021; l (2): 18-26.
24. Expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powdered milk with live lactic acid bacteria 2001 (Google scholar). http://www.fao.org/3/a0512e/aO512e.pdf
25. Teame T, Wang A, Xie M, et al. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics of probiotic lactobacilli, their positive effects on the host action mechanism: A review. Front Nutr. 2020; 22: 1-56.
26. Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, Dekeersmaechker. SCJ. Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8: 171-184.
27. Asong J, Wolfert MA, Maiti KK, et al. Binding and cellular activation studies reveal that toll-like receptor-2 can differentially recognize peptidoglycan from gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. J Biol Chem. 2009; 284: 8643-8653.
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