Salmonella Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis in Children
Main Article Content
Abstract
Salmonella infections of the bone and joints are very rare. They are common in hemoglobinopathies and immunocompromised children. The diaphysis and metaphysis of the long bones are common sites. The spine pelvis, ribs, and cranium are rare sites. The clinical course is indolent compared to acute osteomyelitis. Serological tests and culture can be used for the diagnosis. Radiographs are frequently negative early in the disease. CT scans and MRI scans can be used in certain cases. The majority of cases can be managed with antibiotics. In this review, we describe the etiology, clinical features, investigations, and management of Salmonella bone and joint infections. We have described the features of Salmonella bone and joint infections in normal and sickle disease patients. We also present an illustrative case of Salmonella septic arthritis of the shoulder in an immunocompetent infant one month after COVID-19 infection.
Keywords:
Salmonella osteomyelitis, Salmonella septic arthritis, septic arthritis of infancy, septic arthritis of the shoulder
Article Details
How to Cite
ZACHARIA, Dr. Balaji et al.
Salmonella Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis in Children.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 9, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3100>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i9.3100.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Hogan A, Heppert VG, Osteomyelitis SAJ. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Vol 133.; 2013:1183-1196.
2. Banky JP, Ostergaard L, Spelman D. Chronic Relapsing Salmonella Osteomyelitis in an Immunocompetent Patient: Case. Report and Literature Review Journal of Infection2002. 44(1):44-47.
3. Salem KH. Salmonella osteomyelitis: A rare differential diagnosis in osteolytic lesions around the knee. Journal of Infection and Public Health2014. 7(1):66-69.
4.Nederstigt J, Ramrattan NN, Janssen LJF. Salmonella Osteomyelitis in Two Immunocompetent Children. Int J Clin Pediatr2022. 11(2):60-65.
5.Vynichakis G, Chandrinos M, Angelis S, Bogris E, Michelarakis JΝ. Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Proximal Tibia in a Previously Healthy Adolescent: A Case Report.; 2019.
6. Cheng W, Lian K, Luo D, Lin D, Feng W, Xian H. Salmonella Potsdam Causing Lumbar Vertebral. Vol 97.; 2018:0682.
7. Rohilla R, Bhatia M, Gupta P, Singh A, Shankar R, Omar BJ. Salmonella osteomyelitis: A rare extraintestinal manifestation of an endemic pathogen. J Lab Physicians2019. 11(2):164-170.
8. Huang Z, Wang C, Shi T, Wu B, Chen Y, Li W. Salmonella Osteomyelitis in Adults: A Systematic Review Orthop Surg2021. 13(4):1135-1140.
9. Narala B, Suhail M, Leelaruban V, Ndzelen L, Mbome Y, Nontyphoidal SJ. Nonparatyphoidal Salmonella Species Causing Sacroiliitis and Pyomyositis in a Healthy 19-Year-Old Athlete. 2021; Cureus.18753.
10. Naaz S, Hada V, Suravaram S, Tadi LJ, Wajid M. Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Sepsis in Top-up Fed Five-Month-Old Infant: Case Report. JCDR. 2021.
11. Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Matsumura D, Ohtani K, Akagi M. Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Rib Mimicking a Mammary Tumor: A Case Report. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020(251):273-277.
12. Tonogai I, Hamada Y, Hibino N, Sato R, Henmi T, Sairyo K. Salmonella osteomyelitis of the distal radius in a healthy young adult patient: Report of a rare case and literature review. J Med Invest2015. 62(1):97-99.
13.McAnearney S, Osteomyelitis MDS. Ulster Med J. 84(3):171-172.
14.Martino AM, Winfield JA. Salmonella Osteomyelitis with Epidural Abscess. Pediatr Neurosurg1990. 16(6):321-325.
15.Zheng X, Wang J, Wu C, Mehbod AA. Salmonella osteomyelitis of multiple ribs and thoracic vertebra with large psoas muscle abscesses. The Spine Journal2009. 9(11):1-4.
16. Sucato DJ, Gillespie R. Salmonella Pelvic Osteomyelitis in Normal Children: Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics1997. 17(4):463-466.
17. Hughes JG, Carroll DS. SALMONELLA OSTEOMYELITIS COMPLICATING SICKLE CELL DISEASE. Vol 19.; 1957:184-191.
18. E GDP, J C, JA C, D C, V A. Bacterial osteomyelitis: microbiological, clinical, therapeutic, and evolutive characteristics of 344 episodes. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;3:217-225.
19.DrMA EK, Dr S. Shetty Dr. A healthy child with salmonella septic arthritis of shoulder: An unusual cause a case report. Int J Orthop Sci. 2019;5(3):08-09.
20. EBONG WW. The Treatment of Severely Ill Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia and Associated Septic Arthritis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 1980;149:145-152.
21. Anand AJ, Glatt AE. Salmonella Osteomyelitis and Arthritis in Sickle Cell Disease. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. Vol 24.; 1994:211-221.
22. Landesman SH, Rao SP, Ahonkhai V. Infections in children with sickle cell anemia. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology1982. 4(4):407-416.
23.AlFawaz T, Alzumar O, AlShahrani D, Alshehri M. Severity of Salmonella infection among sickle cell diseases pediatric patients: Description of the infection pattern. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine2019. 6(3):115-117.
24.Adeyokunnu AA, Hendrickse RG. Salmonella osteomyelitis in childhood. A report of 63 cases seen in Nigerian children of whom 57 had sickle cell anemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood1980. 55(3):175-184.
25. Greene WB, McMillan CW. Salmonella Osteomyelitis and Hand-Foot Syndrome in a Child with Sickle Cell Anemia. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics1987. 7(6):716-718.
26. Balakumar B, Gangadharan S, Ponmudi N, Kumar S, Prakash JJ, Palocaren T. Atypical osteomyelitis and concurrent septic arthritis due to Salmonella in immunocompetent children. Journal of Clinical Orthopedics and Trauma2017. 8:293-297.
27.Kurniawan A, Sitorus IP, Loho T, Hutami WD. A rare case of septic arthritis of the knee caused by Salmonella typhi with preexisting typhoid fever in a healthy, immunocompetent child – A case report. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports2021. 78:76-80.
28. Magdaline J, Idikula M, Sebastian A. Salmonella Typhi causing parietal wall abscess. J Acad Clin Microbiol2014. 16(1):30.
29. Abdulla M, Khaled YS, Kapoor H. Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Calcaneum Bone in an Immunocompetent Child. Vol 23.; 2014:270-273.
30. Bettin D, Schaphorn G, Blasius S, Becker K, Niemeyer T. A rare case of Salmonella osteomyelitis in the humerus as a differential diagnosis to a malignant bone tumor. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg2002. 122(9):544-546.
31. EBONG WW. The Treatment of Severely Ill Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia and Associated Septic Arthritis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 1980;149:145-152.
32.Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(4):901-937.
33. Cheng W, Lian K, Luo D, Lin D, Feng W, Xian H. Salmonella Potsdam Causing Lumbar Vertebral. Vol 97.; 2018:0682.
34. Santos EM, Sapico FL. Vertebral osteomyelitis due to salmonellae: report of two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(2):287-295.
35. Cheng W, Lian K, Luo D, et al. Salmonella potsdam causing lumbar vertebral osteomyelitis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 97(18):0682.
36. Santos EM, Sapico FL. Vertebral Osteomyelitis Due to Salmonellae: Report of Two. Cases and Review CLIN INFECT. 1998(27):287-295.
37.Khan FY, El-Hiday AH, Kamel HA. Typhoid osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12(5):391-393.
38. Diebold P, Humbert J, Djientcheu Vde P, Gudinchet F, Rilliet B. Salmonella epidural abscess in sickle cell disease: failure of the nonsurgical treatment. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95(11):1095-1098.
39. Shrestha P, Mohan S, Roy S. Bug on the Back: Vertebral Osteomyelitis Secondary to Fluoroquinolone ResistantSalmonella Typhiin an Immunocompetent Patient. BMJ Case Reports.2015; bcr2015212503
40. Tack B, Vanaenrode J, Verbakel JY, Toelen J, Jacobs J. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):212.
2. Banky JP, Ostergaard L, Spelman D. Chronic Relapsing Salmonella Osteomyelitis in an Immunocompetent Patient: Case. Report and Literature Review Journal of Infection2002. 44(1):44-47.
3. Salem KH. Salmonella osteomyelitis: A rare differential diagnosis in osteolytic lesions around the knee. Journal of Infection and Public Health2014. 7(1):66-69.
4.Nederstigt J, Ramrattan NN, Janssen LJF. Salmonella Osteomyelitis in Two Immunocompetent Children. Int J Clin Pediatr2022. 11(2):60-65.
5.Vynichakis G, Chandrinos M, Angelis S, Bogris E, Michelarakis JΝ. Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Proximal Tibia in a Previously Healthy Adolescent: A Case Report.; 2019.
6. Cheng W, Lian K, Luo D, Lin D, Feng W, Xian H. Salmonella Potsdam Causing Lumbar Vertebral. Vol 97.; 2018:0682.
7. Rohilla R, Bhatia M, Gupta P, Singh A, Shankar R, Omar BJ. Salmonella osteomyelitis: A rare extraintestinal manifestation of an endemic pathogen. J Lab Physicians2019. 11(2):164-170.
8. Huang Z, Wang C, Shi T, Wu B, Chen Y, Li W. Salmonella Osteomyelitis in Adults: A Systematic Review Orthop Surg2021. 13(4):1135-1140.
9. Narala B, Suhail M, Leelaruban V, Ndzelen L, Mbome Y, Nontyphoidal SJ. Nonparatyphoidal Salmonella Species Causing Sacroiliitis and Pyomyositis in a Healthy 19-Year-Old Athlete. 2021; Cureus.18753.
10. Naaz S, Hada V, Suravaram S, Tadi LJ, Wajid M. Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Sepsis in Top-up Fed Five-Month-Old Infant: Case Report. JCDR. 2021.
11. Hashimoto K, Nishimura S, Matsumura D, Ohtani K, Akagi M. Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Rib Mimicking a Mammary Tumor: A Case Report. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020(251):273-277.
12. Tonogai I, Hamada Y, Hibino N, Sato R, Henmi T, Sairyo K. Salmonella osteomyelitis of the distal radius in a healthy young adult patient: Report of a rare case and literature review. J Med Invest2015. 62(1):97-99.
13.McAnearney S, Osteomyelitis MDS. Ulster Med J. 84(3):171-172.
14.Martino AM, Winfield JA. Salmonella Osteomyelitis with Epidural Abscess. Pediatr Neurosurg1990. 16(6):321-325.
15.Zheng X, Wang J, Wu C, Mehbod AA. Salmonella osteomyelitis of multiple ribs and thoracic vertebra with large psoas muscle abscesses. The Spine Journal2009. 9(11):1-4.
16. Sucato DJ, Gillespie R. Salmonella Pelvic Osteomyelitis in Normal Children: Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics1997. 17(4):463-466.
17. Hughes JG, Carroll DS. SALMONELLA OSTEOMYELITIS COMPLICATING SICKLE CELL DISEASE. Vol 19.; 1957:184-191.
18. E GDP, J C, JA C, D C, V A. Bacterial osteomyelitis: microbiological, clinical, therapeutic, and evolutive characteristics of 344 episodes. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2018;3:217-225.
19.DrMA EK, Dr S. Shetty Dr. A healthy child with salmonella septic arthritis of shoulder: An unusual cause a case report. Int J Orthop Sci. 2019;5(3):08-09.
20. EBONG WW. The Treatment of Severely Ill Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia and Associated Septic Arthritis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 1980;149:145-152.
21. Anand AJ, Glatt AE. Salmonella Osteomyelitis and Arthritis in Sickle Cell Disease. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. Vol 24.; 1994:211-221.
22. Landesman SH, Rao SP, Ahonkhai V. Infections in children with sickle cell anemia. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology1982. 4(4):407-416.
23.AlFawaz T, Alzumar O, AlShahrani D, Alshehri M. Severity of Salmonella infection among sickle cell diseases pediatric patients: Description of the infection pattern. International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine2019. 6(3):115-117.
24.Adeyokunnu AA, Hendrickse RG. Salmonella osteomyelitis in childhood. A report of 63 cases seen in Nigerian children of whom 57 had sickle cell anemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood1980. 55(3):175-184.
25. Greene WB, McMillan CW. Salmonella Osteomyelitis and Hand-Foot Syndrome in a Child with Sickle Cell Anemia. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics1987. 7(6):716-718.
26. Balakumar B, Gangadharan S, Ponmudi N, Kumar S, Prakash JJ, Palocaren T. Atypical osteomyelitis and concurrent septic arthritis due to Salmonella in immunocompetent children. Journal of Clinical Orthopedics and Trauma2017. 8:293-297.
27.Kurniawan A, Sitorus IP, Loho T, Hutami WD. A rare case of septic arthritis of the knee caused by Salmonella typhi with preexisting typhoid fever in a healthy, immunocompetent child – A case report. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports2021. 78:76-80.
28. Magdaline J, Idikula M, Sebastian A. Salmonella Typhi causing parietal wall abscess. J Acad Clin Microbiol2014. 16(1):30.
29. Abdulla M, Khaled YS, Kapoor H. Salmonella Osteomyelitis of the Calcaneum Bone in an Immunocompetent Child. Vol 23.; 2014:270-273.
30. Bettin D, Schaphorn G, Blasius S, Becker K, Niemeyer T. A rare case of Salmonella osteomyelitis in the humerus as a differential diagnosis to a malignant bone tumor. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg2002. 122(9):544-546.
31. EBONG WW. The Treatment of Severely Ill Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia and Associated Septic Arthritis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 1980;149:145-152.
32.Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(4):901-937.
33. Cheng W, Lian K, Luo D, Lin D, Feng W, Xian H. Salmonella Potsdam Causing Lumbar Vertebral. Vol 97.; 2018:0682.
34. Santos EM, Sapico FL. Vertebral osteomyelitis due to salmonellae: report of two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(2):287-295.
35. Cheng W, Lian K, Luo D, et al. Salmonella potsdam causing lumbar vertebral osteomyelitis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 97(18):0682.
36. Santos EM, Sapico FL. Vertebral Osteomyelitis Due to Salmonellae: Report of Two. Cases and Review CLIN INFECT. 1998(27):287-295.
37.Khan FY, El-Hiday AH, Kamel HA. Typhoid osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12(5):391-393.
38. Diebold P, Humbert J, Djientcheu Vde P, Gudinchet F, Rilliet B. Salmonella epidural abscess in sickle cell disease: failure of the nonsurgical treatment. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95(11):1095-1098.
39. Shrestha P, Mohan S, Roy S. Bug on the Back: Vertebral Osteomyelitis Secondary to Fluoroquinolone ResistantSalmonella Typhiin an Immunocompetent Patient. BMJ Case Reports.2015; bcr2015212503
40. Tack B, Vanaenrode J, Verbakel JY, Toelen J, Jacobs J. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):212.