Smoking and Endothelial Dysfunction: An Integrated - Medical and Molecular Review An Integrated - Medical and Molecular- Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of about 7,000 different toxic substances, many of which are generated during the burning of the tobacco leaf, some in the gas phase and others in the particulate matter. The gas phase represents approximately 60% of the smoke from the burning of tobacco, 99% of this phase is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, argon, and methane. Atherosclerosis associated with smoking is not necessarily an effect of nicotine, but probably the joint action of the various constituents of cigarette smoke. ROS from the gas phase of tobacco contributes to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Bupropion and varenicline are used for smoking cessation despite the side effects; however, we are still far from effective treatment to assist the definitive discontinuation of the habit of smoking. This review discusses the main mechanisms associated with vascular damage from the smoking.
Keywords:
Smoking cessation, nicotine, smoke, blood pressure, hypertension, cigarettes, endothelium, endothelial dysfunction
Article Details
How to Cite
JC, Yugar-Toledo et al.
Smoking and Endothelial Dysfunction: An Integrated - Medical and Molecular Review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 9, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3105>. Date accessed: 05 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i9.3105.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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29. Mayhan WG, Patel KP. Effect of nicotine on endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(5 Pt 2):H2337-H2342. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.5.H2337
30. Fowles J, Dybing E. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):424-430. doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.424
31. Messner B, Bernhard D. Smoking and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(3):509-515. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300156
32. Csordas A, Bernhard D. The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(4):219-230. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.8
33. Gepner AD, Piper ME, Johnson HM, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipids and lipoproteins: outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2011;161(1):145-151. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.09.023
34. Johnson HM, Gossett LK, Piper ME, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on endothelial function: 1-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(18):1988-1995. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.002
35. Puri BK, Treasaden IH, Cocchi M, Tsaluchidu S, Tonello L, Ross BM. A comparison of oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers: an in vivo human quantitative study of n-3 lipid peroxidation. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S4. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-S1-S4
36. Pentel PR, LeSage MG. New directions in nicotine vaccine design and use. Adv Pharmacol. 2014;69:553-580. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00014-7
37. Kim SK, Kim HC, Shim JS, Kim DJ. Effects of cigarette smoking on blood lipids in Korean men: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35(2):369-382. doi:10.3904/kjim.2019.133
38. Szkup M, Jurczak A, Karakiewicz B, Kotwas A, Kopeć J, Grochans E. Influence of cigarette smoking on hormone and lipid metabolism in women in late reproductive stage. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:109-115. Published 2018 Jan 17. doi:10.2147/CIA.S140487
39. Barn P, Giles L, Héroux ME, Kosatsky T. A review of the experimental evidence on the toxicokinetics of carbon monoxide: the potential role of pathophysiology among susceptible groups. Environ Health. 2018;17(1):13. Published 2018 Feb 5. doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0357-2
40. Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008;179(2):135-144. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070256
2. Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):647-658. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69249-0
3. Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987;113(4):1006-1010. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90063-9
4. Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive smoking and heart disease. Mechanisms and risk. JAMA. 1995;273(13):1047-1053.
5. Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation. 1991;83(1):1-12. doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.1.1
6. Giovino GA, Mirza SA, Samet JM, et al. Tobacco use in 3 billion individuals from 16 countries: an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys. Lancet. 2013 Jul 13;382(9887):128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61085-X
7. Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(2):183-192. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Health-care provider screening for tobacco smoking and advice to quit - 17 countries, 2008-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(46):920-927.
9. Tsai J, Homa DM, Gentzke AS, et al. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers - United States, 1988-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(48):1342-1346. Published 2018 Dec 7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6748a3
10. Baker RR. The generation of formaldehyde in cigarettes--Overview and recent experiments. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44(11):1799-1822. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2006.05.017
11. Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Saha DC, Eales-Reynolds LJ. Smoking is associated with altered endothelial-derived fibrinolytic and antithrombotic factors: an in vitro demonstration. Circulation. 2002;106(8):905-908. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000029091.61707.6b
12. Baker RR, Pereira da Silva JR, Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part II: casing ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004;42 Suppl:S39-S52. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.009
13. Baker RR, Pereira da Silva JR, Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004;42 Suppl:S3-S37. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00189-3
14. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-1994. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6
15. Michael Pittilo R. Cigarette smoking, endothelial injury and cardiovascular disease. Int J Exp Pathol. 2000;81(4):219-230. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2613.2000.00162.x
16. Rahman MM, Laher I. Structural and functional alteration of blood vessels caused by cigarette smoking: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2007;5(4):276-292. doi:10.2174/157016107782023406
17. Hsu PP, Li S, Li YS, et al. Effects of flow patterns on endothelial cell migration into a zone of mechanical denudation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;285(3):751-759. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5221
18. Esen AM, Barutcu I, Acar M, et al. Effect of smoking on endothelial function and wall thickness of brachial artery. Circ J. 2004;68(12):1123-1126. doi:10.1253/circj.68.1123
19. Poredos P, Orehek M, Tratnik E. Smoking is associated with dose-related increase of intima-media thickness and endothelial dysfunction. Angiology. 1999;50(3):201-208. doi:10.1177/000331979905000304
20. Ghiadoni L. Smoking and central blood pressure: a metabolic interaction?. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(6):585. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.76
21. Minami J, Ishimitsu T, Ohrui M, Matsuoka H. Association of smoking with aortic wave reflection and central systolic pressure and metabolic syndrome in normotensive Japanese men. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(6):617-623. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.62
22. Santarelli MF, Landini L, Positano V, Landini L. Can imaging techniques identify smoking-related cardiovascular disease?. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(23):2578-2585. doi:10.2174/138161210792062911
23. Takami T, Saito Y. Effects of smoking cessation on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:633-638. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S25798
24. Chalon S, Moreno H Jr, Benowitz NL, Hoffman BB, Blaschke TF. Nicotine impairs endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000;67(4):391-397. doi:10.1067/mcp.2000.105153
25. Hung MJ, Hu P, Hung MY. Coronary artery spasm: review and update. Int J Med Sci. 2014;11(11):1161-1171. doi:10.7150/ijms.9623
26. Sabha M, Tanus-Santos JE, Toledo JC, Cittadino M, Rocha JC, Moreno H Jr. Transdermal nicotine mimics the smoking-induced endothelial dysfunction. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000;68(2):167-174. doi:10.1067/mcp.2000.108851
27. Tanus-Santos JE, Toledo JC, Cittadino M, Sabha M, Rocha JC, Moreno H Jr. Cardiovascular effects of transdermal nicotine in mildly hypertensive smokers. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14(7 Pt 1):610-614. doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(01)01301-2
28. Yugar-Toledo JC, Tanus-Santos JE, Sabha M, et al. Uncontrolled hypertension, uncompensated type II diabetes, and smoking have different patterns of vascular dysfunction. Chest. 2004;125(3):823-830. doi:10.1378/chest.125.3.823
29. Mayhan WG, Patel KP. Effect of nicotine on endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(5 Pt 2):H2337-H2342. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.5.H2337
30. Fowles J, Dybing E. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):424-430. doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.424
31. Messner B, Bernhard D. Smoking and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(3):509-515. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300156
32. Csordas A, Bernhard D. The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(4):219-230. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.8
33. Gepner AD, Piper ME, Johnson HM, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipids and lipoproteins: outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J. 2011;161(1):145-151. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.09.023
34. Johnson HM, Gossett LK, Piper ME, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on endothelial function: 1-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(18):1988-1995. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.002
35. Puri BK, Treasaden IH, Cocchi M, Tsaluchidu S, Tonello L, Ross BM. A comparison of oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers: an in vivo human quantitative study of n-3 lipid peroxidation. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S4. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-S1-S4
36. Pentel PR, LeSage MG. New directions in nicotine vaccine design and use. Adv Pharmacol. 2014;69:553-580. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00014-7
37. Kim SK, Kim HC, Shim JS, Kim DJ. Effects of cigarette smoking on blood lipids in Korean men: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35(2):369-382. doi:10.3904/kjim.2019.133
38. Szkup M, Jurczak A, Karakiewicz B, Kotwas A, Kopeć J, Grochans E. Influence of cigarette smoking on hormone and lipid metabolism in women in late reproductive stage. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:109-115. Published 2018 Jan 17. doi:10.2147/CIA.S140487
39. Barn P, Giles L, Héroux ME, Kosatsky T. A review of the experimental evidence on the toxicokinetics of carbon monoxide: the potential role of pathophysiology among susceptible groups. Environ Health. 2018;17(1):13. Published 2018 Feb 5. doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0357-2
40. Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008;179(2):135-144. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070256