Cardiovascular Sequelae of Covid-19 Infection in Post-Acute Phase
Main Article Content
Abstract
The wide array of clinical manifestations of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to be a big puzzle to the healthcare professionals. The picture is becoming complex with appearance of new strains and widespread vaccination against the viral infection. The acute cardiovascular manifestations are diverse; but have been fairly well-documented. But the mechanism behind the persistent symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain and other symptoms in some of the survivors, weeks and months after the onset of initial infection are poorly understood. The post-acute and long-term cardiovascular impact of COVID-19 affection on heart and other systems is not fully clear. As the survivors after an acute episode are fast growing in number, managing them is emerging as a new public health concern.
A recent study on cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19 in post-acute phase by Xie et al in a cohort of 153,760 survivors of COVID showed that these individuals are at substantial risk of CV disorders like thromboembolic problems, arrhythmias, ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial injury, pericarditis, myocarditis and heart failure irrespective of the intensity of the initial infection. Currently, defining cardiovascular risk and predicting the long-term consequences in COVID survivors are issues of priority for the researchers and clinicians alike. The cardiac MRI is emerging as a useful tool to evaluate the myocardial damage in post-acute phase of COVID infection. This review is an attempt to analyze the existing knowledge and bring out the potential gaps in the understanding of these challenging issues after acute phase of COVID is over.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, long-COVID, myocardial injury, heart failure, Covid-heart
Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, long-COVID, myocardial injury, heart failure, Covid-heart
Article Details
How to Cite
PATNAIK, Soumya; PATNAIK, Amar N.
Cardiovascular Sequelae of Covid-19 Infection in Post-Acute Phase.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 11, nov. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3261>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i11.3261.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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3. Imazio M, Klingel K, Kindermann I, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and troponin: indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis? Heart 2020; 106: 1127–31
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6. Bavishi C,Bonow RO, Trivedi V, et al. Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63: 682–689
7. Barda N,Dagan N, Cohen C,et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study. Lancet 2021; 398: 2093-2100
8. Bularga A, Chapman AR, Mills NL. Mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19. Clin Chem 2021; 67: 1044-1046
9. Patnaik S, Patnaik AN. Heart failure in COVID-19 pandemic: Challenging management issues. J Med Sci Res 2020; 8:112-118
10. Jabri A, Kalra A, Kumar A, et al. Incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the Coronavirus disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3(7): e2014780.
11. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5:811–8.
12. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2352-2371
13. Lewnard JA, Hong VX, Patel MM,et al. Clinical outcomes associated with Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and BA.1/BA.1.1 or BA.2 subvariant infection in southern California. medRxiv 2022.01.11.22269045
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15. Islam MF, Cotler J, Jason LA. Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from the past epidemics. Fatigue Biomed Health Behav 2020; 8:61-69
16. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. NICE guideline [NG188]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188 (18 December 2020).
17. WHO Document: WHO/2019-nCoV/Post_COVID-19_condition/ Clinical_case_definition/ 2021.1 - A clinical Case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi Consensus, October,2021-14
18. Practice Guidelines Managing the long-term efforts of COVID -19: summary of NICE, SIGN, RCGP rapid guidelines. BMJ 2021; 372: n 136
19. Satterfield BA, Bhatt DL, Gersh BJ. Cardiac involvement in the long-term implications of COVID-19. Nature Reviews-Cardiology 2022; 19: 332-340
20. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 324:603-05.
21. Halpin SJ, McIvor C, Whyatt G, et al. Post discharge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol 2021; 93:1013-22
22. Chopra V, Flanders SA, O'Malley M, et al. Sixty-Day Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174(4):576-578
23. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID 19 in Wuhan China. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5: 802-1
24. Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of Covid-19. Nat Med 2022: 28; 583-590
25. Puntmann VO, Martin S, Shchendrygina A, et al. Long-term cardiac pathology in individuals with mild initial COVID-19 illness. Nat Med 2022; doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02000-0. Online ahead of print
26. Rezel-Potts E, Douiri A, Sun X, Chowienczyk PJ, Shah AM, Gulliford MC. Cardiometabolic outcomes up to 12 months after COVID-19 infection. A matched cohort study in the UK. PLoS Med 2022; 19(7): e1004052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004052
27. Tereshchenko LG, Bisop A, Fischer-Campbell N, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events after Covid-19. Am J Cardiol 2022; 179: 102-109
28. Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y,et al. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J 2021; 42(19):1866–78
29. Raman B, Bluemke DA, Luscher T, Neubauer S. Long COVID: Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 1157–1172
30. Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5(11):1265-73
31. Joy G, Artico J, Kurdi H, et al. Prospective case-control study of cardiovascular abnormalities 6 months following mild COVID-19 in healthcare workers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14(11):2155-66
32. Rajpal S,Tong MS,Borchers , et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in competitive athletes recovering from COVID-19 infection. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6, 116–119
33. Daniels CJ, Rajpal S, Greenshields MS, et al. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical myocarditis in competitive athletes with recent SARS- CoV-2 infection: results from the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6, 1078-1087
34. Martinez MW, Tucker AM, Bloom OJ, et al. Prevalence of inflammatory heart disease among professional athletes with prior COVID-19 infection who received systematic return-to-play cardiac screening. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6: 745-752
35. Udelson JE, Rowin EJ, Maron BJ. Return to play for athletes after COVID-19 infection: the fog begins to clear. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6: 997-999
36. 36.Poppas A, Chung EH, Kovacs R. COVID-19 and the athlete: gaining ground but not yet at the finish. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:1368
37. Gluckman TJ, Bhave NM, Allen LA, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on cardiovascular sequences of COVID-19 in adults: Myocarditis and other myocardial involvement, a post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and return to play. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022:79:1717-1756
38. Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature 2021; 594: 259-264
39. Tazare J, Walker AJ, Tomlinson L, et al. Rates of serious clinical outcomes in survivors of hospitalization with COVID-19: a descriptive cohort study within the OpenSAFELY platform. MedRxiv 2021. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.22.21250304
40. De Rosa S, Pascarella C, Basso C, et al. Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:2083
41. Mahfam MM, Spata E, Goldacre R, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and admission rates for and management of acute coronary syndromes in England. Lancet 2020; 396:381-389
42. Cenko E, Badimon L, Bugiardini R, et al. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: a consensus paper from the ESC Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology & Microcirculation, ESC Working Group on Thrombosis and the Association for Acute Cardiovascular Care (ACVC), in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Cardiovasc Res. 2021; 117(14):2705-2729
43. Ahmed AI, Saad JM, Han Y, et al. Coronary Microvascular Health in Patients with Prior COVID-19 Infection. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 2022; 79 (9_supplement) 1822. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.07.006
44. Ayoubkhani D, Khunti K, Nafilyan V, et al. Post-COVID syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2021;372:n693
45. Garcia-Zamora S, Picco JM, Lepori AJ. et al. Abnormal echocardiographic findings after COVID-19 infection: a multicenter registry. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-022-02706-9
46. Ovrebotten T, Myhre P, Grimsmo J et al. Changes in cardiac structure and function from 3 to 12 months after hospitalization for COVID-19 Clin Cardiol 2022; 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23891
47. Moody WE, Liu B, Mahmoud-Elsayed HM,et al. Persisting adverse ventricular remodeling in COVID-19 survivors: a longitudinal echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2021;34:562–566
48. de Graaf M, Antoni M, Ter Kulie M,et al. Short-term out patient follow-up of COVID-19 patients: a multi-disciplinary approach. EClinical med 2021; 32: 100731
49. Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalization (PHOP-COVID): a UK multicenter prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9: 1275-1287
50. Wellborn J, Karamnov S, Fields KG, Yeh T. Covid-19 increases the risk for the onset of atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 12014
51. Blitshteyn S, Whitelaw S. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other autonomic disorders after COVID-19 infection: a case series of 20 patients. Immunol Res 2021; 69: 205-211
52. Lau ST, Yu WC, Mok NS, et al. Tachycardia amongst subjects recovering from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Int J Cardiol 2005; 100: 167-169
53. Jamal SM, Landers DB,HollenbergSM, et al.Prospective evaluation of Autonomic dysfunction in Post-Acute sequlaof Covid-19. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;79:2325-2330
54. Long B, Brady WJ, Bridwell RE, Singh M, et al. Electrocardiographic manifestations of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med 2021;41: 96-103
55. Zhou, M. et al. Cardiovascular sequalae in uncomplicated COVID-19 survivors. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0246732.
56. Anupama BK, Soumya A, Chaudhuri D. Prolonged QT interval in a patient with corona virus disease-2019: Beyond hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin.J Invest Med: High impact case reports 2021; 8: 1-7
57. Hosseini Z, Ghodsi S, Hezazi SF. Persistent Complete Heart Block in a patient with COVID 19 infection: a case report. SN Compr Clin Med 2022; 3: 259-262
58. Go AS, Reynolds K, Grace H, et al. COVID-19 and risk of VTE in ethnically diverse populations Chest 2021; 160: 1459-1470
59. Knight R, Walker V, Samantha I, et al. Association of COVID-19 with major arterial and venous thrombotic diseases: a population wide cohort study of 48 million adults in England and Wales. Circulation 2022; 146: 892-906
60. Morris SB. Schwart NG, Patel P, et al. Case Series of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection — United Kingdom and United States, CDC-Morbidity and Mortality weekly review: Weekly / October 9, 2020 / 69(40);1450–1456
61. Bastug A, Aslaner H, Bilir YA, et al. Multiple system inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS CoV 2 infection in an adult and an adolescent. Rheumatol Int 2021; 41:993-1008
62. Pillay J, Gaudet L, Wingert, et al. Incidence, risk factors, natural history, and hypothesized mechanisms of myocarditis and pericarditis following covid-19 vaccination: Living evidence syntheses and review. BMJ 2022; 13: 378: e069445
63. Barda N, Dagan N, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide setting. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(12):1078–90
64. Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med 2021; 28: 410-422
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