Eradication of Borrelia Burgdoferi in vitro using Chlorine Dioxide: A Novel Approach
Main Article Content
Abstract
Lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the most prevalent tick-borne illness in the world today and has grown into a major public health problem during the last decade, irrelevant to decades of efforts from various health professionals.
The conventional treatment for Lyme disease is the use of a variety of antibiotics, but relapse often occurs when antibiotics are discontinued. There are several reasons why this relapse may occur, given that B. burgdorferi is a pleomorphic microorganism that can convert from vegetative spirochetes to a variety of different round bodies and biofilm colonies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel approaches that can eliminate all these different morphologies.
This has challenged many health practitioners around the world, not to mention the suffering of many afflicted people. In this study, Chlorine dioxide (CD) at different concentrations was tested for its effectiveness in vitro against B. burgdorferi using combined fluorescent and darkfield microscopy with Live-or-Dye staining methods. Our experiments demonstrated that it is possible to completely eradicate all forms of B. burgdorferi at specific concentrations of Chlorine dioxide. Our extensive research has shown that Chlorine dioxide can be used for the eradication of B. burgdorferi morphologies.
At certain concentrations of chlorine dioxide above 2 ppm the Borrelia morphologies appear to be eradicated as there is no motility of either spirochetes or round bodies, only biofilms visible. However, incubating again for another 7 days resulted in the Borrelia being motile again as they come out of the biofilms.
We, therefore, decided to conduct each experiment with what we termed the Regrowth Kill Test (RKT) by incubating the initial sample with the CD in an incubator at 37 degrees centigrade in the Campypack for 7-days. It appeared that the biofilms that are quickly formed as soon as the CD is added in the initial experiment, broke up and released small spirochetes and round bodies of different morphologies.
After numerous RKT experiments, it was determined that the concentration that resulted in a near complete disinfection of the spirochetes as well as round bodies was 30 ppm CD.
Article Details
How to Cite
GEORGIOU, George.
Eradication of Borrelia Burgdoferi in vitro using Chlorine Dioxide: A Novel Approach.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 11, nov. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3279>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i11.3279.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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8. Adrion ER, Aucott J, Lemke KW, Weiner JP. Health care costs, utilization and patterns of care following Lyme disease. PLoS ONE. 2015. 10:e0116767. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116767.
9. Adrion ER, Aucott J, Lemke KW, Weiner JP. Health Care Costs, Utilization and Patterns of Care following Lyme Disease. PLOS ONE. 2015. 10(2): e0116767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116767
10. Goodlet KJ, Fairman KA. Adverse events associated with antibiotics and intravenous therapies for post-Lyme disease syndrome in a commercially insured sample.external icon Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Oct 30;67(10):1568-1574.
11. De Wilde M, Speeckaert M, Callens R, Van Biesen W. Ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia as a life-threatening complication of antibiotic treatment of ‘chronic Lyme disease’. external icon Acta Clin Belg. 2017 Apr;72(2):133-137.
12. Klempner MS, Linden MD, Hu T, Evans J, Schmid CH, Johnson GM, Trevino RP, Norton D, Levy L, Wall, D, McCall, J, Kosinski, M, Weinstein, A. Two Controlled Trials of Antibiotic Treatment in Patients with Persistent Symptoms and a History of Lyme Disease. N Engl J Med Jul 2001; 345:85-92. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200107123450202.
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15. Fallon BA, Keilp JG, Corbera KM, Petkova E, Britton CB, Dwyer E, Slavov I, Cheng J, Dobkin J, Nelson DR, Sackeim HA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology. 2008 Mar 25;70(13):992-1003. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000284604.61160.2d. Epub 2007 Oct 10.
16. Mattman LH. Cell Wall Deficient Forms – Stealth Pathogens, 3rd edn. 2001. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
17. Berndtson K. Review of evidence or immune evasion and persistent infection in Lyme disease. Int J Gen Med 6, 2013. 291–306.
18. Domingue GJ, Woody, HB. Bacterial persistence and expression of disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 10, 1997. 320–344.
19. Glover WA., Yang Y, Zhang Y. Insights into the molecular basis of L-form formation and survival in Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 4, 2009. e7316.
20.Ranjit DK, Young KD. The Rcs stress response and accessory envelope proteins are required for de novo generation of cell shape in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 195, 2013. 2452–2462
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