An Update on the Current Management of Hepatitis B Virus in Special Populations
Main Article Content
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HBV) in special populations within this article is considered as acute on chronic liver failure due to HBV, coinfection with Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis D (HDV), or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and HBV infection in patients who are in immunosuppressive states due to specific therapies and liver transplant recipients. Patients within these special populations are at higher risk of liver-related complications such as fibrosis, accelerated cirrhosis, acute on chronic liver failure, and/or development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given their respective complex pathophysiology, specific treatment approaches are required for each population. With the introduction of effective antiviral HBV therapies over the past decade and the respective treatment options for the special population diseases, patient outcomes have seen improvement. With the advent of HCV direct antivirals, treatment of HBV-HCV coinfection has been more successful and consistently shown high rates of sustained virologic response. Treatment of HBV-HDV coinfection remains primarily as interferon-based, though new promising therapies have shown greater improvement in viral suppression. HBV-HIV coinfection has also shown promising results given overlapping mechanisms for treatment and specific regimens should be chosen to decrease risk of resistance. HBV reactivation in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapies have been reported and guidelines recommend close monitoring and in certain cases, HBV antiviral therapy prophylaxis. With the effective HBV therapies, the perception of HBV as a contraindication for liver transplant has been diminishing and prolonged graft survival with effective antiviral therapies have shown promising outcomes.
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CHEN, Phillip Huang; HAN, Steven-Huy.
An Update on the Current Management of Hepatitis B Virus in Special Populations.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 11, nov. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3315>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i11.3315.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Lee WM. Acute liver failure in the United States. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(3):217-226. doi:10.1055/S-2003-42641
3. Lee HC. Acute liver failure related to hepatitis B virus. Hepatol Res. 2008;38 Suppl 1(SUPPL. 1). doi:10.1111/J.1872-034X.2008.00420.X
4. Shakil AO, Kramer D, Mazariegos G V., Fung JJ, Rakela J. Acute liver failure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria. Liver Transpl. 2000;6(2):163-169. doi:10.1002/LT.500060218
5. Wu T, Li J, Shao L, et al. Development of diagnostic criteria and a prognostic score for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gut. 2018;67(12). doi:10.1136/GUTJNL-2017-314641
6. Li H, Chen LY, Zhang NN, et al. Characteristics, Diagnosis and Prognosis of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis Associated to Hepatitis B. Sci Rep. 2016;6. doi:10.1038/SREP25487
7. Wai CT, Fontana RJ, Polson J, et al. Clinical outcome and virological characteristics of hepatitis B-related acute liver failure in the United States. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12(2):192-198. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2893.2005.00581.X
8. Steinmüller T, Seehofer D, Rayes N, et al. Increasing applicability of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B-related liver disease. Hepatology. 2002;35(6):1528-1535. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.33681
9. Tillmann HL, Hadem J, Leifeld L, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13(4):256-263. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2893.2005.00695.X
10. Wiegand J, Wedemeyer H, Franke A, et al. Treatment of severe, nonfulminant acute hepatitis B with lamivudine vs placebo: a prospective randomized double-blinded multicentre trial. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(10):744-750. doi:10.1111/JVH.12210
11. Chen CH, Lin CL, Hu TH, et al. Entecavir vs. lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients with severe acute exacerbation and hepatic decompensation. J Hepatol. 2014;60(6):1127-1134. doi:10.1016/J.JHEP.2014.02.013
12. Garg H, Sarin SK, Kumar M, Garg V, Sharma BC, Kumar A. Tenofovir improves the outcome in patients with spontaneous reactivation of hepatitis B presenting as acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology. 2011;53(3):774-780. doi:10.1002/HEP.24109
13. Li J, Hu C, Chen Y, et al. Short-term and long-term safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and entecavir treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure associated with hepatitis B. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/S12879-021-06237-X
14. Agarwal K, Brunetto M, Seto WK, et al. 96 weeks treatment of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2018;68(4):672-681. doi:10.1016/J.JHEP.2017.11.039
15. Thompson AJV, Ayres A, Yuen L, et al. Lamivudine resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B: role of clinical and virological factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(7):1078-1085. doi:10.1111/J.1440-1746.2006.04630.X
16. Colonno RJ, Rose R, Baldick CJ, et al. Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naïve patients with hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2006;44(6):1656-1665. doi:10.1002/HEP.21422
17. Chen J feng, Chen S ru, Lei Z ying, et al. Safety and efficacy of Thymosin α1 in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Int. 2022;16(4). doi:10.1007/S12072-022-10335-6
18. Tong J, Wang H, Xu X, et al. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Accelerates the Recovery of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure by Promoting M2-Like Transition of Monocytes. Front Immunol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/FIMMU.2022.885829
19. Peters MG. Special populations with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2009;49(5 Suppl). doi:10.1002/HEP.22965
20. Abdelaal R, Yanny B, El Kabany M. HBV/HCV Coinfection in the Era of HCV-DAAs. Clin Liver Dis. 2019;23(3):463-472. doi:10.1016/J.CLD.2019.04.003
21. Gaeta GB, Stornaiuolo G, Precone DF, et al. Epidemiological and clinical burden of chronic hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus infection. A multicenter Italian study. J Hepatol. 2003;39(6):1036-1041. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00470-7
22. Kaklamani E, Trichopoulos D, Tzonou A, et al. Hepatitis B and C Viruses and Their Interaction in the Origin of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JAMA. 1991;265(15):1974-1976. doi:10.1001/JAMA.1991.03460150078027
23. Chiaramonte M, Stroffolini T, Vian A, et al. Rate of incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis. Cancer. 1999;85(10):2132-2137.
24. Chen G, Wang C, Chen J, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in hepatitis B and C coinfected patients treated with antiviral agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;66(1):13-26. doi:10.1002/HEP.29109
25. Doi A, Sakamori R, Tahata Y, et al. Frequency of, and factors associated with, hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis C patients treated with all-oral direct-acting antivirals: Analysis of a Japanese prospective cohort. Hepatol Res. 2017;47(13):1438-1444. doi:10.1111/HEPR.12919
26. Sulkowski MS, Chuang WL, Kao JH, et al. No Evidence of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Among Patients Treated With Ledipasvir-Sofosbuvir for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1202-1204. doi:10.1093/CID/CIW507
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