Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Postpartum Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows
Main Article Content
Abstract
The goal of treating postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows is to reach clinical cure in a reasonable amount of time and to improve reproductive performance while minimizing milk and meat residue issues. The ultimate goal is to reduce the economic losses caused by uterine diseases. This article focuses on postpartum uterine diseasess in dairy cows, in particular acute puerperal metritis, pyometra and endometritis. The usual treatment approach for these conditions is systemic or local antibiotic therapy to control bacterial growth. Based on clinical signs and bacteria identification using dependent- and independent-based methods, antibiotic use appears to be the most logical and effective therapeutic approach. However, despite considerable research, the treatment of uterine diseasess remains a subject of considerable controversy in the literature. Although some local and systemic antibiotic therapies are effective at mitigating the consequences of postpartum uterine diseases, antibiotic use in the current global context is a serious concern because it is associated with selective pressures on bacteria and the emergence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals. Research on mucosal immunology and the genital microbiota of cows has improved our understanding of uterine involution and how pathological agents behave during uterine diseases in dairy cows. And while antibiotic therapy remains the most common therapeutic option chosen by veterinarian practitioners to treat PUDs, complementary and alternative veterinary medicine is increasingly being considered in response to a demand from animal owners. However, because of the small number of randomized clinical trials and a lack of evidence-based medicine, there is widespread concern regarding the adequacy of evidence for the efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative veterinary medicine. The objectives of this article are to describe uterine involution and the main postpartum uterine diseases that occur during the postpartum period in dairy cows, briefly review the current approaches to treating postpartum uterine diseases, and critically review the evidence pertaining to complementary and alternative veterinary medicine in postpartum reproductive veterinary medicine.
Keywords:
Uterine Diseases, Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows, Alternative Treatments for Postpartum Uterine Diseases, Alternative Treatments for Postpartum Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows, Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Postpartum Uterine Diseases, Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Postpartum Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows, Postpartum Uterine Diseases, Postpartum Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows
Article Details
How to Cite
LEFEBVRE, Rejean Cleophas.
Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Postpartum Uterine Diseases in Dairy Cows.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 12, dec. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3351>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i12.3351.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Fourichon C, Seegers H, Malher X. Effect of Disease on Reproduction in the Dairy Cow: A Meta-Analysis. Theriogenology. 2000;53: 1729-1759.
2. Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO. Defining Postpartum Uterine Disease in Cattle. Theriogenology. 2006;65:1516-1530.
3. Gier, H. T, Marion G. B. Uterus of Cow after Parturition - Involutional Changes. Am J Vet Res. 1968;29:83-87.
4. Weber, PSD, Madsen S.A, Smith GW, Ireland JJ, Burton JL. Pre-translational regulation of neutrophil l-selectin in glucocorticoiD–challenged cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;83: 213-240.
5. Moller, K. A review of uterine involution and ovarian activity during the postparturient period in the cow. NZ Vet J. 1970;18: 83-90.
6. Sheldon IM, Williams EJ, Miller AN, Nash DM, Herath S. Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. Vet Jl. 2008;176:115-121.
7.Short RE, Bellows RA, Staigmiller RB, Berardinelli JG, Custer E. Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and fertility in postpartum beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 1990; 68:799-816.
8. Wrobel, K. H., Laun, G., Hees, H. et Zwack, M. Histologic and ultrastructural studies of the vaginal epithelium of the cow. Anat Histol Embryo., 1986;15: 303-328.
9. Foldi J, Kulcsar M, Pecsi A, Huyghe B, de Sa C, Lohuis J, Cox P, Huszenicza G. Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006;96:265-281.
10. Paisle LG, Mickelsen WD, Anderson PB. Mechanisms and therapy for retained fetal membranes and uterine infections of cows: A review. Theriogenology. 1986; 25:353-381.
11. Sheldon IM, Dobson H. Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2004;82-83:295-306.
12. Sheldon IM, Molinary PCC, Thomas JR, Bromfield JJ. Preventing postpartum uterine disease in dairy cows depends on avoiding, tolerating and resisting pathogenic bacteria. Theriogenology. 2020;150:158-165.
13. Jeon SJ, Cunha F, Vieira-Neto A, Bicalho RC, Lima S, Bicalho ML, Galvao KN. Blood as a route of transmission of uterine pathogens from the gut to the uterus in cows. Microbiome. 2017;5:109-120.
14. Karstrup CC, Klitgaard K, Jensen TK, Agerhol JS, Pedersen HG. Presence of bacteria in the endometrium and placentomes of pregnant cows. Theriogenology. 2017;99:41-47.
15.Stinson LF, Boyce MC, Payne MS, Keelan JF. The not-so-sterile Womb: Evidence that the human fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1124-1138.
16. D’Argenio Valeria. The prenatal microbiome: A new player for human health. High-Throughput. 2018;7:1-10.
17. Wira, C, Rossoll R. Oestradiol regulation of antigen presentation by uterine stromal cells: role of transforming growth factor-beta production by epithelial cells in mediating antigen-presenting cell function. Immunology. 2003;109:398-406.
18. Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Rycroft AN, Dobson H. Effect of postpartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Vet Rec. 2002; 151: 531-534.
19. Bonnett BN, Martin SW, Meek AH. Association of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive perforance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev Vet Med. 1993;15:205-220.
20. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, et al. The Effect of Treatment of Clinical Endometritis on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2002;85: 2237-2249.
21. Ribeiro ES, Lima FS, Greco FL, Bisinotto RS, Monteiro APA, Favoreto M, et al. Prevalence of periparturient diseases and effects on fertility of seasonally calving grazing dairy cows supplemented with concentrates. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:5682-5697.
22. Griffin J F T, Hartigan P J, Nunn W R. Non-specific uterine infection and bovine fertility: I. Infection patterns and endometritis during the first seven weeks post-partum. Theriogenology. 1974; 1:91-106.
23. Studer E, Morrow DA. Postpartum evaluation of bovine reproductive potential: comparison of findings from genital tract examination per rectum, uterine culture, and endometrial biopsy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:489-494.
24. Williams E J, Fischer D P, Pfeiffer D. U, England G C, Noakes D E, Dobson H, et al. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology. 2005;63:102-117.
25. Bicalho MLS, Machado VS, Higgins CH, Lima SF, Bicalho RC. Genetic and functional analysis of the bovine uterine microbiota. Part I: Metritis versus healthy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:3850-3862.
26. Machado VS, Bicalho ML, Pereira RV, Caixeta LS, Bittar JHJ, Oikonomou G, et al. The effect of administration of mannose or bacteriophages on uterine health, and fertility of dairy cows with special focus on Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. J Dairy Sci. 95:3100-3109.
27. Knudsen LFV, Karstrup CC, Pedersen HG, Angen O, Agerholm JS, Rasmussen EL, et al. An investigation of the microbiota in uterine flush samples and endometrial biopsies from dairy cows during the first 7 weeks postpartum. Theriogenology. 2016;86:642-650.
28. Sheldon IM, Cronin JG, Bromfield JJ. Tolerance and innate shape the development of postpartum uterine disease and the impact of endometritis in cattle. Annu Rev Biosci. 2019;7:361-384.
29. Williams EJ, Fischer DF, Noakes DE, England GCW, Rycroft A, Dobson H, et al. The relationship between uterine pathogen growth density and ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2007;68:549-559.
30.Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, Gartley CJ, Leslie KE, Walton JS, et al. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2004; 62:9-23.
31. Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS, LeBlanc SJ, Definitions and diagnosis of postpartum endometritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93: 5225-5233.
32. Runciman DI, Anderson GA, Malmo J, Davis GM. Effect of intrauterine treatment with cephapirin on the reproductive performance of seasonally calving dairy cows at risk of endometritis following periparturient disease. Aust Vet J. 2008; 86:250-258.
33.Tison N, Bouchard E, DesCôteaux L, Lefebvre R. Effectiveness of intrauterine treatment with cephapirin in dairy cows with purulent vaginal discharge. Theriogenology. 2017; 89:305-317.
34. McDougall S, Macaulay R, Compton C. Association between endometritis diagnosis using a novel intravaginal device and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2007;99:9-23.
35. Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2005;64:1879-1888.
36. Gilbert RO. Management of reproductive disease in dairy cows.Vet Clin Food Anim. 2016 32:387-410.
37. Chenault JR, McAllister JF, Chester ST, Dame KJ, Kausche FM. Efficacy of ceftiofur hydrochloride sterile suspension administered parenterally for the treatment of acute postpartum metritis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224:1634-1639.
38. Haimerl P, Arlt S, Heuwieser W. Evidence-based medicine: quality and comparability of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of prostaglandin F (2a) for the treatment of bovine endometritis. J Dairy Res. 2012; 79:287-296.
39. Gilbert RO, Schwark WS. Pharmacologic considerations in the management of peripartum conditions of the cow. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim PR act. 1992;8:29-56.
40. Lora I, Massignani M, Stefani A, Gottardo F. Potential benefits to dairy cows welfare of using a ceftiofur-ketoprofen combination drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease associated with pyrexia: A field trial on acute puerperal metritis. Animals. 2021;11:1557-1569.
41. Farney JK, Mamedova LK, Coetzee JF, Minton JE, Hollis LC, Bradford BJ. Sodium salicylate treatment in early lactation increases whole-lactation milk and milk fat yield in mature dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:7709-7718.
42. Risco CA, Hermandez J. Comparison of ceftiofur hydrochloride and estradiol cypionate for metritis prevention and reproductive performance in dairy cows affected with retained fetal membrane. Theriogenology. 2003;60:47-58.
43. Hermandez J, Risco CA, Elliot JB. Effect of oral administration of a calcium chloride gel on blood mineral concentration, parturient disorders, reproductive performance, and milk production of dairy cows with retained fetal membranes. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:72-76.
44. El-Tahawy Ael G and Fahmy MM. Partial budgeting assessment of the treatment of pyometra, follicular cyst, and ovarian inactivity causing postpartum anoestrus in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 2011;90:44-50.
45. Zwald NR, Weigel KA, Chang YM, Welp RD, Clay JS. Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. I Incidence rates, heritability estimates, and sire breeding values. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:4287-4294.
46. Denis-Robichaud J and Dubuc J. Randomized clinical trial of intrauterine cephapirin infusion ion dairy cows for the treatment of purulent discharge and cytological endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98:6856-6864.
47. Lefebvre RC, Stock AE. Therapeutic efficiency of antibiotics and prostaglandin F2a in postpartum dairy cows with clinical endometritis: An evidence-based evaluation. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2012;28:79-96.
48. Hektoen L. Review of the current involvement of homeopathy in veterinary practice and research. Vet Rec. 2005;57:224-229.
49. Arlt S, Heuweiser W. Evidence-based complementary and alternative veterinary medicine-a contradiction in term? Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrifts. 2010;123:377-384.
50. Espadamala A, Pereira R, Pallares P, Lagao A, Silva-del-Rio N. Metritis diagnosis and treatment practices in 45 dairy farms in California. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:9608-9616.
51. Jeon SJ, Oh M, Yeo WS, Galvao KN, Jeong KC. Underlying mechanism of antimicrobial activity of chitosan microparticles and implication for the treatment of infectious diseases. Plos One. 2014;9:1-10.
52. Ozenc E, Seker E, Dogan N. The effect of bacterial flora on uterine pH values, observed during the estrus cycle, gestation, and in the cases of clinical metritis in cows. J Anim Vet Adv. 2010;9:3000-3004.
53. Oliveira EB, Cunha F, Daetz R, Figueiredo C, Chebel RC, Santos JE, et al. Using chitosan microparticles to treat metritis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103:7377-7391.
54. Raut JS, Karuppayil SM. Review A status review on the medicinal properties. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;62:250-264.
55. Burt S. Essential oils: their antimicrobial properties and potential applications in foods: a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94: 223-253.
56. Pinedo PJ, Velez JS, Bothe H, Pineiro JM, Risco CA. Effect of intrauterine infusion of an organic-certified product on uterine health, survival, and fertility of dairy cows with toxic puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98:3120-3132.
57. Sharon N. Carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases. Biochim et Biophys Acta. 2006;1760:527-537.
58. Ahmadi MR, Makki M, Mirzaei A, Gheisari HR. Effects of hypertonic dextrose and paraffin solution as non-antibiotic treatments of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim. 2019;54:762-771.
59. Machado VS, Oikonomou G, Ganda EK, Milhomem M, Freitas GL, Zinic M, et al. The effect of intrauterine infusion of dextrose on clinical endometritis cure rate and reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015; 98:3849-3858.
60. Marquivar MG, Barragan AA, Velez JS, Bothe H, Schuenemann GM. Effect of intrauterine dextrose on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows diagnosed with purulent vaginal discharge under certified organic management. J Dairy Sci. 2015; 98:3876-3886.
61. Brick TA, Schuenemann GM, Bas S, Daniels JB, Pinto CR, Rings, et al. Effect of intrauterine dextrose or antibiotic therapy on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows diagnose with clinical endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2011;95:1894-1905.
62. King SS, Carnevale EM, Nequin LG, Crawford JJ. Inhibition of bacterial endometritis with mannose. J Equine Vet Sci. 1998;18:332-334.
63. Bicalho ML, Machado VS, Oikonimou G, Gilberts RO, Bicalho RC. Association between virulence factors of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes and uterine diseases of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol. 2012; 157:125-131.
64. Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Gaggioti E. Ozone therapy editorial review. Int J Artif Organs. 2004;27:168-175.
65. Travagli V, Zanardi I, Bocci V. Tropical applications of ozone and ozonated oils as anti-infective agents: an insight into the patent claims. Recent pat Antiinfect Drug discov. 2009;2: 130-142.
66. Mandhare MN, Jagdale DM, Gaikwad PL, Gandhi PS, Kadam VJ. Miracle of ozone therapy as an alternative medicine. Int J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2012;2:63-71.
67. Sagai M, Bocci V. Mechanisms of action involved on ozone therapy: is healing induced via a mild oxidative stress? Med Gas Res. 2011;1:29-31.
68. Djuricic D, Vince S, Ablondi M, Dobranci T Samardzia M. Intrauterine ozone treatment of retained fetal membrane in Simmental cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2012; 134:119-124.
69. Escandon BM, Espinoza JS, Perea FP, Quito F, Ochoa R, Lopez GE, et al. Intrauterine therapy with ozone reduces subclinical endometritis an improves reproductive performance in postpartum dairy cows managed in pasture-based systems. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020;52:2523-2528.
70. Constantin T, Bürjoiu IA. Preliminary study on ozone therapy in postpartum endometritis of dairy cows. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2016;10:384-389.
71. Bicalho RC, Santos TM, Gilbert RO, Caixeta LS, Teixeira LM, Bicalho MLS, et al. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from uteri of postpartum dairy cows to antibiotic and environmental bacteriophages. Part I: isolation and lytic activity estimation of bacteriophages. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93:93-104.
72. Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications. Boca Raton, Florida: Kutter Elizabeth Raya Paul 2004:1-25.
73. Chan BK, Abedon ST. Bacteriophages and their enzymes in biofilm control. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21:85-89.
74.Sanders MA. Probiotic in 2015: their scope and use. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;suppl #1, 49: S1-S5.
75. Deng Q, Odhiambo JF, Farooq U, Dunn SM, Ametai BN. Intravaginal lactic acid bacteria modulated local and systemic immune responses and lowered the incidence of uterine infections in periparturient dairy cows. Plos One. 2015;10:1-16.
76. Genis S, Cerri RLA, Bach A, Silper BF, Baylao M, Denis-Robichaud J, et al. Pre-calving intravaginal administration of lactic acid bacteria reduces metritis prevalence and regulates blood neutrophil gene expression after calving in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:135-141.
77. Ametaj BN, Iqbal S, Selami F, Odhiambo JF, Wang Y, Ganzle GM, et al. Intravaginal administration of lactic acid bacteria modulated the incidence of purulent vaginal discharges, plasma haptoglobin concentrations, and milk production in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 2014;96:365-370.
78.Meijerink M, Wells J. Probiotic modulation of dendritic cells and T cell responses in the intestine. Beneficial Microbes. 2010;10:317-326.
79. Espeche C, Pellegrino M, Frola I, Larriestra A, Bogni C, Fatima Nader-Macias E. Lactic acid bacteria from raw milk as potentially beneficial strains to prevent bovine mastitis. Anaerobe. 2012;18 :103-109.
80. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Diaz J, Munoz-Quezada S, Gomez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of Action. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;61:160-174.
81. Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, Gan SH. Honey, propolis, and Royal Jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017:1-21.
82. Abidine KZ, Bouabdellah B. Dignosis and treatment of endometritis with intra-uterine infusion of a solution of honey 70% in mares. J Vet Sci Technol. 2018;9:1-5.
83. Kilty SJ, Duval M, Chan FT, Ferris W, Slinger R. Methylglyoxal: active agent of manuka honey in vitro activity against bacterial biofilms. Inter Form Allergy and Rhinology. 2011;1:348-350.
84. Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MSA. Effects of honey and its mechanisms of action on the development and progression of cancer. Molecules. 2014;19:2497-2522.
85. Capoci LRG, Bonfim-Mendoça P, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Arita GS, Araujo Pereira RR, Lopes Consolaro ME, et al. Propolis in an efficient fungicide and inhibitor of biofilm production by vaginal Candida albican. Evid Based Complement and alternat Med. 2015:1-9.
86. Ameer AA, Abdul-Hafeez MM, Sayed SM. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) of honey and bee propolis against multidrug resistant staphylococcus sp. Isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. Global J Sci Frontier Res D. Agri and Vet. 2015;3:1-5.
87. Sforcin JM. Propolis and the immune system: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 113:1-14.
88. Abdul-Hafeez MM, Abdul-Kadder HA, Sayed AM, Shehata SH. Intrauterine honey infusion in Holstein Frisian cows with purulent endometritis. J Alternat Complement Med. 2019;12:53-57.
89. Rijnberk A, Ramey DW. The end of veterinary homeopathy. Aust Vet J. 2007;85:513-516.
90. Vockeroth WG. Veterinary homeopathy: An overview. Can Vet J. 1999;40:592-594.
91. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:1057-1098.
92. Boitor I, Bogdan ML, Ghitulescu C, Bogdan I. Einsatz des Homoeopathika Lachesis compositum ad us. Vet. Bey puerperalen Uterusinfektionen und Ovarium compositium ad us. Vet. Bei Ovarialzysten beim Rind. Biol Tiermed. 1994;11:44-49.
93. Dorenkamp B. Lachesis compositum ad us. Vet zur Behandlung von Puerperalerkrankungen. Biol Tiermed. 1991;8:36-421.
94. Doehring C, Sundrum A. Efficacy of homeopahthy in livestock according to peer-reviewed publications from 1981-2014. Vet Rec. 2016;179:1-13.
95. Arlt S, Padberg W, Drillich M, Heuwieser W. Efficacy of homeopathic remedies as prophylaxis of bovine endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:4945-4953.
96. Enbergs H, Sensen B. Zur Effizienz homoeopathischer Behandlungen chronischer. Endometritiden von Milchkuehen. Prakt Tierarzt. 2007;88:534-543.
97. Enbergs H, Vorwig W. Untersuchungen zur Praevention von postpartalen Zyklus- und Fruchtbarkeitsstoerungen bei Hochleistungskuehen durch die homoeopathischen Präparate Traumeel, Lachesis compositum und Carduus compositum. Biol Tiermed. 1995;95:2-20.
98. Hussain AM, Daniel RCW. Bovine endometritis: current and future alternative therapy. J Vet Med A. 1991;38:641-651.
99. Nakao T, Moriyoshi M, Kawata K. Effect of postpartum intrauterine treatment with 2% polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-iodine solution on reproductive efficiency in cows. Theriogenology. 1988; 30:1033-1043.
100. Strube KR, Hühn R, Busch W, Werner E. Ein Phagocytosetest zur Einschätzung der lokalen Abwehrsituation bei Endometritistherapie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Uterofertileinsatzes beim Rind. Dtsch. Tierärtztl Wschr. 1991;98:230-234.
101. Heuwieser W, Tenhagen BA, Tischer M, Lohr JL, Blum H. Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. Vet Rec. 2000;146:338-341.
102. Feldmann MS, Tenhagen BA, Hoedemaker M. "[Treatment of chronic bovine endometritis and factors for treatment success]." Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2005;112:10-16.
103. Knutti B, Küpfer U, Busato A. Reproductive efficiency of cows with endometritis after treatment with intrauterine infusions of prostaglandin injections, or no treatment. J Vet Med A. 2000;47:609-615.
104. Carleton CL, Threlfall WR, Schwarze RA. Iodine in milk and serum following intrauteri infusion of Lugol’s solution. Inter J Appl ResVet Med. 2008; 6:121-129.
105. McCaughan CJ, Laurie KW, Martin MC, Hooper MW. Iodine in milk of cows after intrauterine infusion of Lugol’s solution. Aust Vet J. 1984; 61:200-2001.
106. Machado VS, Silva TH. Adaptive immunity in the postpartum uterus: Potential use of vaccines to control metritis. Theriogenology. 2020;150:201-209.
107. Meira EBS, Ellington-Lawrence RD, Silva JCC, Higgins CH. Recombinant protein subunit vaccine reduces puerpera metritis incidence an modulates the genital microbiome. J Dairy Sci. 2020; 103:7364-7376.
108. Nolte O, Morscher J, Weiss HE, Sonntag HG. Autovaccination of dairy cows to treat postpartum metritis caused by Actinomyces pyogenes. Vaccine. 2001; 19:3146-3153.
109. Machado VS, de Souzas Bicalho ML, de Souza Meira EB, de Souza Meira EB, Rossi R, Ribeiro BL, et al. Subcutaneous immunization with inactivated bacterial components and purified protein of E. coli, F. necrophorum, and T. pyogenes prevents puerperal metritis in Holstein dairy cows. Plos One. 2014;9: 1-11.
110. Freick M, Kunze A, Passarge O, Weber J, Geidel S. Metritis vaccination in Holstein heifers using a herd-specific multivalent vaccine- Effect on uterine health and fertility in first lactation. Anim Reprod Sci. 2017;184:160-171.
111. Nagata S. Gene structure and function of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Bioassays. 1989;10:113-117.
112. Zinicola M, Korzec H, Teixeira AGV, Ganda EK, Bringhenti L, Tomazi A,et al. Effect of pegbovigrastim administration on periparturient diseases, milk production, and reproductive performance of Hostein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:1199-11217.
113. Mitchell GB, Albright BN, Caswell JL. Effect of interleukin-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on priming and activation of bovine neutrophils. Infect immune. 2003; 71:1643-1639.
114. Zinicola M, Batista CP, Bringhenti L, Meira EBS jr, Lima FS, McDonough SP, et al. Effect of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health, metabolism and lactation performance in Holstein cattle IV: insulin resistance, dry matter intake, and blood parameters. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102:10340-10359.
115. McNeel AK, Reiter BC, Weigel D, Osterstock J, Di Croce FA. Validation of genomic predictions for wellness traits in UH Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017; 100:9115-9124.
116. Lopes F, Rosa G, Pinedo P, Santos JEP, Chebel RC, Galvao KN, et al. Genome-enable prediction for health traits using high-density SNP panel in US Holstein cattle. Anim Genet. 2020; 51:192-199.
2. Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO. Defining Postpartum Uterine Disease in Cattle. Theriogenology. 2006;65:1516-1530.
3. Gier, H. T, Marion G. B. Uterus of Cow after Parturition - Involutional Changes. Am J Vet Res. 1968;29:83-87.
4. Weber, PSD, Madsen S.A, Smith GW, Ireland JJ, Burton JL. Pre-translational regulation of neutrophil l-selectin in glucocorticoiD–challenged cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2001;83: 213-240.
5. Moller, K. A review of uterine involution and ovarian activity during the postparturient period in the cow. NZ Vet J. 1970;18: 83-90.
6. Sheldon IM, Williams EJ, Miller AN, Nash DM, Herath S. Uterine diseases in cattle after parturition. Vet Jl. 2008;176:115-121.
7.Short RE, Bellows RA, Staigmiller RB, Berardinelli JG, Custer E. Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and fertility in postpartum beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 1990; 68:799-816.
8. Wrobel, K. H., Laun, G., Hees, H. et Zwack, M. Histologic and ultrastructural studies of the vaginal epithelium of the cow. Anat Histol Embryo., 1986;15: 303-328.
9. Foldi J, Kulcsar M, Pecsi A, Huyghe B, de Sa C, Lohuis J, Cox P, Huszenicza G. Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006;96:265-281.
10. Paisle LG, Mickelsen WD, Anderson PB. Mechanisms and therapy for retained fetal membranes and uterine infections of cows: A review. Theriogenology. 1986; 25:353-381.
11. Sheldon IM, Dobson H. Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2004;82-83:295-306.
12. Sheldon IM, Molinary PCC, Thomas JR, Bromfield JJ. Preventing postpartum uterine disease in dairy cows depends on avoiding, tolerating and resisting pathogenic bacteria. Theriogenology. 2020;150:158-165.
13. Jeon SJ, Cunha F, Vieira-Neto A, Bicalho RC, Lima S, Bicalho ML, Galvao KN. Blood as a route of transmission of uterine pathogens from the gut to the uterus in cows. Microbiome. 2017;5:109-120.
14. Karstrup CC, Klitgaard K, Jensen TK, Agerhol JS, Pedersen HG. Presence of bacteria in the endometrium and placentomes of pregnant cows. Theriogenology. 2017;99:41-47.
15.Stinson LF, Boyce MC, Payne MS, Keelan JF. The not-so-sterile Womb: Evidence that the human fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1124-1138.
16. D’Argenio Valeria. The prenatal microbiome: A new player for human health. High-Throughput. 2018;7:1-10.
17. Wira, C, Rossoll R. Oestradiol regulation of antigen presentation by uterine stromal cells: role of transforming growth factor-beta production by epithelial cells in mediating antigen-presenting cell function. Immunology. 2003;109:398-406.
18. Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Rycroft AN, Dobson H. Effect of postpartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Vet Rec. 2002; 151: 531-534.
19. Bonnett BN, Martin SW, Meek AH. Association of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive perforance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev Vet Med. 1993;15:205-220.
20. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, et al. The Effect of Treatment of Clinical Endometritis on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2002;85: 2237-2249.
21. Ribeiro ES, Lima FS, Greco FL, Bisinotto RS, Monteiro APA, Favoreto M, et al. Prevalence of periparturient diseases and effects on fertility of seasonally calving grazing dairy cows supplemented with concentrates. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:5682-5697.
22. Griffin J F T, Hartigan P J, Nunn W R. Non-specific uterine infection and bovine fertility: I. Infection patterns and endometritis during the first seven weeks post-partum. Theriogenology. 1974; 1:91-106.
23. Studer E, Morrow DA. Postpartum evaluation of bovine reproductive potential: comparison of findings from genital tract examination per rectum, uterine culture, and endometrial biopsy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:489-494.
24. Williams E J, Fischer D P, Pfeiffer D. U, England G C, Noakes D E, Dobson H, et al. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology. 2005;63:102-117.
25. Bicalho MLS, Machado VS, Higgins CH, Lima SF, Bicalho RC. Genetic and functional analysis of the bovine uterine microbiota. Part I: Metritis versus healthy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:3850-3862.
26. Machado VS, Bicalho ML, Pereira RV, Caixeta LS, Bittar JHJ, Oikonomou G, et al. The effect of administration of mannose or bacteriophages on uterine health, and fertility of dairy cows with special focus on Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. J Dairy Sci. 95:3100-3109.
27. Knudsen LFV, Karstrup CC, Pedersen HG, Angen O, Agerholm JS, Rasmussen EL, et al. An investigation of the microbiota in uterine flush samples and endometrial biopsies from dairy cows during the first 7 weeks postpartum. Theriogenology. 2016;86:642-650.
28. Sheldon IM, Cronin JG, Bromfield JJ. Tolerance and innate shape the development of postpartum uterine disease and the impact of endometritis in cattle. Annu Rev Biosci. 2019;7:361-384.
29. Williams EJ, Fischer DF, Noakes DE, England GCW, Rycroft A, Dobson H, et al. The relationship between uterine pathogen growth density and ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2007;68:549-559.
30.Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, Gartley CJ, Leslie KE, Walton JS, et al. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2004; 62:9-23.
31. Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS, LeBlanc SJ, Definitions and diagnosis of postpartum endometritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93: 5225-5233.
32. Runciman DI, Anderson GA, Malmo J, Davis GM. Effect of intrauterine treatment with cephapirin on the reproductive performance of seasonally calving dairy cows at risk of endometritis following periparturient disease. Aust Vet J. 2008; 86:250-258.
33.Tison N, Bouchard E, DesCôteaux L, Lefebvre R. Effectiveness of intrauterine treatment with cephapirin in dairy cows with purulent vaginal discharge. Theriogenology. 2017; 89:305-317.
34. McDougall S, Macaulay R, Compton C. Association between endometritis diagnosis using a novel intravaginal device and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2007;99:9-23.
35. Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2005;64:1879-1888.
36. Gilbert RO. Management of reproductive disease in dairy cows.Vet Clin Food Anim. 2016 32:387-410.
37. Chenault JR, McAllister JF, Chester ST, Dame KJ, Kausche FM. Efficacy of ceftiofur hydrochloride sterile suspension administered parenterally for the treatment of acute postpartum metritis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224:1634-1639.
38. Haimerl P, Arlt S, Heuwieser W. Evidence-based medicine: quality and comparability of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of prostaglandin F (2a) for the treatment of bovine endometritis. J Dairy Res. 2012; 79:287-296.
39. Gilbert RO, Schwark WS. Pharmacologic considerations in the management of peripartum conditions of the cow. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim PR act. 1992;8:29-56.
40. Lora I, Massignani M, Stefani A, Gottardo F. Potential benefits to dairy cows welfare of using a ceftiofur-ketoprofen combination drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease associated with pyrexia: A field trial on acute puerperal metritis. Animals. 2021;11:1557-1569.
41. Farney JK, Mamedova LK, Coetzee JF, Minton JE, Hollis LC, Bradford BJ. Sodium salicylate treatment in early lactation increases whole-lactation milk and milk fat yield in mature dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:7709-7718.
42. Risco CA, Hermandez J. Comparison of ceftiofur hydrochloride and estradiol cypionate for metritis prevention and reproductive performance in dairy cows affected with retained fetal membrane. Theriogenology. 2003;60:47-58.
43. Hermandez J, Risco CA, Elliot JB. Effect of oral administration of a calcium chloride gel on blood mineral concentration, parturient disorders, reproductive performance, and milk production of dairy cows with retained fetal membranes. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:72-76.
44. El-Tahawy Ael G and Fahmy MM. Partial budgeting assessment of the treatment of pyometra, follicular cyst, and ovarian inactivity causing postpartum anoestrus in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 2011;90:44-50.
45. Zwald NR, Weigel KA, Chang YM, Welp RD, Clay JS. Genetic selection for health traits using producer-recorded data. I Incidence rates, heritability estimates, and sire breeding values. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:4287-4294.
46. Denis-Robichaud J and Dubuc J. Randomized clinical trial of intrauterine cephapirin infusion ion dairy cows for the treatment of purulent discharge and cytological endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98:6856-6864.
47. Lefebvre RC, Stock AE. Therapeutic efficiency of antibiotics and prostaglandin F2a in postpartum dairy cows with clinical endometritis: An evidence-based evaluation. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2012;28:79-96.
48. Hektoen L. Review of the current involvement of homeopathy in veterinary practice and research. Vet Rec. 2005;57:224-229.
49. Arlt S, Heuweiser W. Evidence-based complementary and alternative veterinary medicine-a contradiction in term? Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrifts. 2010;123:377-384.
50. Espadamala A, Pereira R, Pallares P, Lagao A, Silva-del-Rio N. Metritis diagnosis and treatment practices in 45 dairy farms in California. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:9608-9616.
51. Jeon SJ, Oh M, Yeo WS, Galvao KN, Jeong KC. Underlying mechanism of antimicrobial activity of chitosan microparticles and implication for the treatment of infectious diseases. Plos One. 2014;9:1-10.
52. Ozenc E, Seker E, Dogan N. The effect of bacterial flora on uterine pH values, observed during the estrus cycle, gestation, and in the cases of clinical metritis in cows. J Anim Vet Adv. 2010;9:3000-3004.
53. Oliveira EB, Cunha F, Daetz R, Figueiredo C, Chebel RC, Santos JE, et al. Using chitosan microparticles to treat metritis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103:7377-7391.
54. Raut JS, Karuppayil SM. Review A status review on the medicinal properties. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;62:250-264.
55. Burt S. Essential oils: their antimicrobial properties and potential applications in foods: a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;94: 223-253.
56. Pinedo PJ, Velez JS, Bothe H, Pineiro JM, Risco CA. Effect of intrauterine infusion of an organic-certified product on uterine health, survival, and fertility of dairy cows with toxic puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98:3120-3132.
57. Sharon N. Carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases. Biochim et Biophys Acta. 2006;1760:527-537.
58. Ahmadi MR, Makki M, Mirzaei A, Gheisari HR. Effects of hypertonic dextrose and paraffin solution as non-antibiotic treatments of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim. 2019;54:762-771.
59. Machado VS, Oikonomou G, Ganda EK, Milhomem M, Freitas GL, Zinic M, et al. The effect of intrauterine infusion of dextrose on clinical endometritis cure rate and reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015; 98:3849-3858.
60. Marquivar MG, Barragan AA, Velez JS, Bothe H, Schuenemann GM. Effect of intrauterine dextrose on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows diagnosed with purulent vaginal discharge under certified organic management. J Dairy Sci. 2015; 98:3876-3886.
61. Brick TA, Schuenemann GM, Bas S, Daniels JB, Pinto CR, Rings, et al. Effect of intrauterine dextrose or antibiotic therapy on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows diagnose with clinical endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2011;95:1894-1905.
62. King SS, Carnevale EM, Nequin LG, Crawford JJ. Inhibition of bacterial endometritis with mannose. J Equine Vet Sci. 1998;18:332-334.
63. Bicalho ML, Machado VS, Oikonimou G, Gilberts RO, Bicalho RC. Association between virulence factors of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes and uterine diseases of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol. 2012; 157:125-131.
64. Di Paolo N, Bocci V, Gaggioti E. Ozone therapy editorial review. Int J Artif Organs. 2004;27:168-175.
65. Travagli V, Zanardi I, Bocci V. Tropical applications of ozone and ozonated oils as anti-infective agents: an insight into the patent claims. Recent pat Antiinfect Drug discov. 2009;2: 130-142.
66. Mandhare MN, Jagdale DM, Gaikwad PL, Gandhi PS, Kadam VJ. Miracle of ozone therapy as an alternative medicine. Int J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2012;2:63-71.
67. Sagai M, Bocci V. Mechanisms of action involved on ozone therapy: is healing induced via a mild oxidative stress? Med Gas Res. 2011;1:29-31.
68. Djuricic D, Vince S, Ablondi M, Dobranci T Samardzia M. Intrauterine ozone treatment of retained fetal membrane in Simmental cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2012; 134:119-124.
69. Escandon BM, Espinoza JS, Perea FP, Quito F, Ochoa R, Lopez GE, et al. Intrauterine therapy with ozone reduces subclinical endometritis an improves reproductive performance in postpartum dairy cows managed in pasture-based systems. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020;52:2523-2528.
70. Constantin T, Bürjoiu IA. Preliminary study on ozone therapy in postpartum endometritis of dairy cows. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2016;10:384-389.
71. Bicalho RC, Santos TM, Gilbert RO, Caixeta LS, Teixeira LM, Bicalho MLS, et al. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from uteri of postpartum dairy cows to antibiotic and environmental bacteriophages. Part I: isolation and lytic activity estimation of bacteriophages. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93:93-104.
72. Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications. Boca Raton, Florida: Kutter Elizabeth Raya Paul 2004:1-25.
73. Chan BK, Abedon ST. Bacteriophages and their enzymes in biofilm control. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21:85-89.
74.Sanders MA. Probiotic in 2015: their scope and use. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;suppl #1, 49: S1-S5.
75. Deng Q, Odhiambo JF, Farooq U, Dunn SM, Ametai BN. Intravaginal lactic acid bacteria modulated local and systemic immune responses and lowered the incidence of uterine infections in periparturient dairy cows. Plos One. 2015;10:1-16.
76. Genis S, Cerri RLA, Bach A, Silper BF, Baylao M, Denis-Robichaud J, et al. Pre-calving intravaginal administration of lactic acid bacteria reduces metritis prevalence and regulates blood neutrophil gene expression after calving in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:135-141.
77. Ametaj BN, Iqbal S, Selami F, Odhiambo JF, Wang Y, Ganzle GM, et al. Intravaginal administration of lactic acid bacteria modulated the incidence of purulent vaginal discharges, plasma haptoglobin concentrations, and milk production in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 2014;96:365-370.
78.Meijerink M, Wells J. Probiotic modulation of dendritic cells and T cell responses in the intestine. Beneficial Microbes. 2010;10:317-326.
79. Espeche C, Pellegrino M, Frola I, Larriestra A, Bogni C, Fatima Nader-Macias E. Lactic acid bacteria from raw milk as potentially beneficial strains to prevent bovine mastitis. Anaerobe. 2012;18 :103-109.
80. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Diaz J, Munoz-Quezada S, Gomez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of Action. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;61:160-174.
81. Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, Gan SH. Honey, propolis, and Royal Jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017:1-21.
82. Abidine KZ, Bouabdellah B. Dignosis and treatment of endometritis with intra-uterine infusion of a solution of honey 70% in mares. J Vet Sci Technol. 2018;9:1-5.
83. Kilty SJ, Duval M, Chan FT, Ferris W, Slinger R. Methylglyoxal: active agent of manuka honey in vitro activity against bacterial biofilms. Inter Form Allergy and Rhinology. 2011;1:348-350.
84. Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MSA. Effects of honey and its mechanisms of action on the development and progression of cancer. Molecules. 2014;19:2497-2522.
85. Capoci LRG, Bonfim-Mendoça P, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Arita GS, Araujo Pereira RR, Lopes Consolaro ME, et al. Propolis in an efficient fungicide and inhibitor of biofilm production by vaginal Candida albican. Evid Based Complement and alternat Med. 2015:1-9.
86. Ameer AA, Abdul-Hafeez MM, Sayed SM. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) of honey and bee propolis against multidrug resistant staphylococcus sp. Isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. Global J Sci Frontier Res D. Agri and Vet. 2015;3:1-5.
87. Sforcin JM. Propolis and the immune system: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 113:1-14.
88. Abdul-Hafeez MM, Abdul-Kadder HA, Sayed AM, Shehata SH. Intrauterine honey infusion in Holstein Frisian cows with purulent endometritis. J Alternat Complement Med. 2019;12:53-57.
89. Rijnberk A, Ramey DW. The end of veterinary homeopathy. Aust Vet J. 2007;85:513-516.
90. Vockeroth WG. Veterinary homeopathy: An overview. Can Vet J. 1999;40:592-594.
91. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:1057-1098.
92. Boitor I, Bogdan ML, Ghitulescu C, Bogdan I. Einsatz des Homoeopathika Lachesis compositum ad us. Vet. Bey puerperalen Uterusinfektionen und Ovarium compositium ad us. Vet. Bei Ovarialzysten beim Rind. Biol Tiermed. 1994;11:44-49.
93. Dorenkamp B. Lachesis compositum ad us. Vet zur Behandlung von Puerperalerkrankungen. Biol Tiermed. 1991;8:36-421.
94. Doehring C, Sundrum A. Efficacy of homeopahthy in livestock according to peer-reviewed publications from 1981-2014. Vet Rec. 2016;179:1-13.
95. Arlt S, Padberg W, Drillich M, Heuwieser W. Efficacy of homeopathic remedies as prophylaxis of bovine endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:4945-4953.
96. Enbergs H, Sensen B. Zur Effizienz homoeopathischer Behandlungen chronischer. Endometritiden von Milchkuehen. Prakt Tierarzt. 2007;88:534-543.
97. Enbergs H, Vorwig W. Untersuchungen zur Praevention von postpartalen Zyklus- und Fruchtbarkeitsstoerungen bei Hochleistungskuehen durch die homoeopathischen Präparate Traumeel, Lachesis compositum und Carduus compositum. Biol Tiermed. 1995;95:2-20.
98. Hussain AM, Daniel RCW. Bovine endometritis: current and future alternative therapy. J Vet Med A. 1991;38:641-651.
99. Nakao T, Moriyoshi M, Kawata K. Effect of postpartum intrauterine treatment with 2% polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-iodine solution on reproductive efficiency in cows. Theriogenology. 1988; 30:1033-1043.
100. Strube KR, Hühn R, Busch W, Werner E. Ein Phagocytosetest zur Einschätzung der lokalen Abwehrsituation bei Endometritistherapie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Uterofertileinsatzes beim Rind. Dtsch. Tierärtztl Wschr. 1991;98:230-234.
101. Heuwieser W, Tenhagen BA, Tischer M, Lohr JL, Blum H. Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. Vet Rec. 2000;146:338-341.
102. Feldmann MS, Tenhagen BA, Hoedemaker M. "[Treatment of chronic bovine endometritis and factors for treatment success]." Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2005;112:10-16.
103. Knutti B, Küpfer U, Busato A. Reproductive efficiency of cows with endometritis after treatment with intrauterine infusions of prostaglandin injections, or no treatment. J Vet Med A. 2000;47:609-615.
104. Carleton CL, Threlfall WR, Schwarze RA. Iodine in milk and serum following intrauteri infusion of Lugol’s solution. Inter J Appl ResVet Med. 2008; 6:121-129.
105. McCaughan CJ, Laurie KW, Martin MC, Hooper MW. Iodine in milk of cows after intrauterine infusion of Lugol’s solution. Aust Vet J. 1984; 61:200-2001.
106. Machado VS, Silva TH. Adaptive immunity in the postpartum uterus: Potential use of vaccines to control metritis. Theriogenology. 2020;150:201-209.
107. Meira EBS, Ellington-Lawrence RD, Silva JCC, Higgins CH. Recombinant protein subunit vaccine reduces puerpera metritis incidence an modulates the genital microbiome. J Dairy Sci. 2020; 103:7364-7376.
108. Nolte O, Morscher J, Weiss HE, Sonntag HG. Autovaccination of dairy cows to treat postpartum metritis caused by Actinomyces pyogenes. Vaccine. 2001; 19:3146-3153.
109. Machado VS, de Souzas Bicalho ML, de Souza Meira EB, de Souza Meira EB, Rossi R, Ribeiro BL, et al. Subcutaneous immunization with inactivated bacterial components and purified protein of E. coli, F. necrophorum, and T. pyogenes prevents puerperal metritis in Holstein dairy cows. Plos One. 2014;9: 1-11.
110. Freick M, Kunze A, Passarge O, Weber J, Geidel S. Metritis vaccination in Holstein heifers using a herd-specific multivalent vaccine- Effect on uterine health and fertility in first lactation. Anim Reprod Sci. 2017;184:160-171.
111. Nagata S. Gene structure and function of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Bioassays. 1989;10:113-117.
112. Zinicola M, Korzec H, Teixeira AGV, Ganda EK, Bringhenti L, Tomazi A,et al. Effect of pegbovigrastim administration on periparturient diseases, milk production, and reproductive performance of Hostein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:1199-11217.
113. Mitchell GB, Albright BN, Caswell JL. Effect of interleukin-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on priming and activation of bovine neutrophils. Infect immune. 2003; 71:1643-1639.
114. Zinicola M, Batista CP, Bringhenti L, Meira EBS jr, Lima FS, McDonough SP, et al. Effect of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health, metabolism and lactation performance in Holstein cattle IV: insulin resistance, dry matter intake, and blood parameters. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102:10340-10359.
115. McNeel AK, Reiter BC, Weigel D, Osterstock J, Di Croce FA. Validation of genomic predictions for wellness traits in UH Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017; 100:9115-9124.
116. Lopes F, Rosa G, Pinedo P, Santos JEP, Chebel RC, Galvao KN, et al. Genome-enable prediction for health traits using high-density SNP panel in US Holstein cattle. Anim Genet. 2020; 51:192-199.