The Role of Self-Compassion in Predicting Psychological Resilience and Adaptive Responses during the Covid19 Pandemic
Main Article Content
Abstract
COVID-19 was a global pandemic and a mental health emergency posing long-lasting negative consequences on people's well-being. Understanding coping responses that lead to quicker and more positive adaptation patterns after temporary adversity can help people return quickly to well-being. Our research aims to explore the role of self-compassion in predicting more adaptive responses, lowering anxiety levels and fear of COVID-19 contagion, and improving psychological resilience during the pandemic challenges. Relevant research findings confirm self-compassion and psychological resilience's positive contribution to the individual's problem-solving skills. Our research is quantitative with the use of two standardized questionnaires, namely, Neff’s “Self-compassion scale” 18 and Smith’s “Concise Resilience Scale” 28 (in Greek). Participants were 164 Greek and Cypriot subjects aged 18-65, and we collected data online by sharing the questionnaire's link on social media. Data analysis through the SPSS 25.0 showed high levels of resilience and self-compassion, moderate anxiety, and high levels of fear of COVID-19 contagion. Moreover, we detected statistically significant positive correlations between self-compassion and psychological resilience, and significant negative correlations between anxiety, fear of contagion, resilience, adjustment, and self-compassion, indicating that high levels of self-compassion can predict high levels of resilience and be protective factors against anxiety and fear of COVID-19 contagion toward more adaptive responses.
Keywords:
Covid-19, Mental Health, Pandemic, Psychological Resilience, Self-Compassion, Well-being
Article Details
How to Cite
DEMETRIOU, Loucia; HATZI, Vasiliki; HADJICHARALAMBOUS, Demetris.
The Role of Self-Compassion in Predicting Psychological Resilience and Adaptive Responses during the Covid19 Pandemic.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3499>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i1.3499.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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Ruiz‐Fernández MD, Ramos‐Pichardo JD, Ibáñez‐Masero O, Carmona‐Rega MI, Sánchez‐Ruiz
2. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
3. Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(6):510-512.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017.
4. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020;52:102066.
5. Hadjicharalambous D, Parlalis S, Erotocritou K. The psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on Cypriots’ mental health and quality of life. Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences. 2020;4(2):15-28.
6. Shah K, Kamrai D, Mekala H, Mann B, Desai K, Patel RS. Focus on mental health during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: applying learnings from the past outbreaks. Cureus. 2020;12(3). http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7405.
7. Gutiérrez-Hernández ME, Fanjul LF, Díaz-Megolla A, Reyes-Hurtado P, Herrera-Rodríguez JF, Enjuto-Castellanos MD, Peñate W. COVID-19 lockdown and mental health in a sample population in Spain: the role of self-compassion. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(4):2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042103 16/03/22
8. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, Ho RC. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(5):1729. https://DOI:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
9. Kavaklı M, Ak M, Uğuz F, Türkmen OO. The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2020;23(1):15-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.59862.
10. Tsivlikakis B. Exploring the concepts of self-compassion, forgiveness, and resilience by chronic pain patients in treatment. Greek Open University. 2021. https://apothesis.eap.gr/handle/repo/46171.
11. Nazari N, Ghadampour E. Positive Psychology and Building Resilience in the Post-Pandemic: Self-Compassion and Healthy Emotionality. Academia Letters. 2021; Article 4088. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL4088.
12. Kotera Y, Ting SH, Neary S. Mental health of Malaysian university students: UK comparison, and relationship between negative mental health attitudes, self-compassion, and resilience. Higher education. 2020;81(2):403-419. doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00547-w.
13. Beaumont E, Durkin M, Hollins Martin CJ, Carson, J. Compassion for others, self-compassion, quality of life and mental well-being measures and their association with compassion fatigue and burnout in student midwives: A quantitative survey. Midwifery.2016;34:239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.11.002.
14. Shapiro SL, Astin JA, Bishop SR, Cordova M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: results from a randomized trial. International journal of stress management. 2005;12(2):164-176. http://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164.
15. Baer RA, Carmody J, Hunsinger M. Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2012; 68(7):755–765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21865.
16. Van Dam NT, Sheppard SC, Forsyth JP, Earleywine M. Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2011;25(1):123-130.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011.
17. Neff K. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity. 2003;2(2):85-101.
18. Neff KD, Bluth K, Tóth-Király I, Davidson O, Knox MC, Williamson Z, Costigan A. Development and validation of the self-compassion scale for youth. Journal of personality assessment. 2021;103(1):92-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891. 2020.1729774.
19. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Florencio LL, Cuadrado ML, Plaza-Manzano G, Navarro-Santana M. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of internal medicine. 2021;92:55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.06.009.
20. Kemper KJ, Mo X, Khayat R. Are mindfulness and self-compassion associated with sleep and resilience in health professionals? The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015;21(8):496-503.https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0281.
21. Allen AB, Leary MR. Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2010; 4(2):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x.
22. Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Batts Allen A, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2007;92(5):887.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887.
23. Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of research in personality. 2007;41(1):139-154.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004.
24. Vigna AJ, Poehlmann-Tynan J, Koenig BW. Does self-compassion facilitate resilience to stigma? A school-based study of sexual and gender minority youth. Mindfulness. 2018;9(3):914-924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0831-x.
25. Duarte J, Pinto-Gouveia J, Cruz B. Relationships between nurses’ empathy, self-compassion and dimensions of professional quality of life: A cross-sectional study. International journal of nursing studies. 2016;60:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.02.015
26. Kyriazos TA, Stalikas A, Prassa K, Galanakis M, Yotsidi V, Lakioti A. Psychometric evidence of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and modeling distinctiveness of resilience from depression and stress. Psychology. 2018;9(7):1828-1857. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.97107.
27. Mantzios M, Wilson JC, Giannou K. Psychometric properties of the Greek versions of the self-compassion and mindful attention and awareness scales. Mindfulness. 2015;6(1):123-32. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3.
28. Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine. 2008;15(3):194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972.
29. Smith BW, Epstein EM, Ortiz JA, Christopher PJ, Tooley EM. The foundations of resilience: what are the critical resources for bouncing back from stress?. Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults: Translating research into practice. 2013;167-187. Springer, New York, NY.
30. Oh SH, Lee SY, Han C. The effects of social media use on preventive behaviors during infectious disease outbreaks: The mediating role of self-relevant emotions and public risk perception. Health communication. 2021;36(8):972-981.https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1724639.
31. Demetriou L, Drakontaides M, Hadjicharalambous D. Psychological resilience hope and adaptability as protective factors in times of crisis: a study in Greek and Cypriot society during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Education Research. 2020; 2(1):20-34. 10.37256/ser.212021618.
32. Demetriou L, Chatzi V, Panaoura R. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety and Loneliness Levels of Elderly People and the Role of Counseling on Their Wellbeing. Psychology. 2021;11(9):369-85. https://doi.10.17265/2159-5542.
33. Bendau A, Plag J, Kunas S, Wyka, S, Ströhle A, Petzold MB. Longitudinal changes in anxiety, psychological distress, and associated risk and protective factors during Germany's first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain and Behavior. 2021a; 11(2):e01964. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1964.
34. Bendau A, Petzold MB, Pyrkosch L, Mascarell Maricic L, Betzler F, Rogoll J, Große J, Ströhle A, Plag J. Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2021b;271(2):283-91.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01171-6.
35. Demetriou L, Panaoura R, Levent T.School Counsellor’s assessments of the impact of COVID-19 restrictive measures on the well-being of Adolescents ages 15-17 years. Psychology and Education Journal, 2022;59(2):1100-1110.
36. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020;51:102083.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083.
37. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research. 2020;288:112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
38. Czeisler MÉ, Lane RI, Petrosky E, Wiley JF, Christensen A, Njai R, Weaver MD, Robbins R, Facer-Childs ER, Barger LK, Czeisler CA. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(32):1049-1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1.
39. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.
40. The Academy of Medical Sciences. Survey results: Understanding people's concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. https://acmedsci.ac.uk/file-download/99436893.
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Ruiz‐Fernández MD, Ramos‐Pichardo JD, Ibáñez‐Masero O, Carmona‐Rega MI, Sánchez‐Ruiz