Managing the Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

Main Article Content

Bagchi Sneha Gluck Lauren Christopher Langston

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by recurrent bouts of acute neuroinflammation and chronic neurodegeneration. Treatments for MS are aimed at prevention of disability in the future or restoring function in the present. Prevention treatments disrupt the underlying disease pathology, whereas restorative treatments address not only the disease’s primary effects on the central nervous system, but also secondary effects on other parts of the body and tertiary effects on each patient’s psychosocial functioning. MS symptoms can have primary, secondary, and tertiary components, which can interlock and reinforce each other. Restorative treatment should tease apart these components and address them separately. In this article on symptom management, we focus on treatments that aim to maximize each component of function.

Article Details

How to Cite
SNEHA, Bagchi; LAUREN, Gluck; LANGSTON, Christopher. Managing the Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 2, feb. 2023. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3539>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i2.3539.
Section
Research Articles

References

1. Coyle, PK. Symptom Management and Lifestyle Modifications in Multiple Sclerosis. Continuum 2016; 22(3): 815-36.
2. Lysandropoulos, AP, Havrdova E. ‘Hidden’ Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. European J of Neurol 2015 22 (suppl. 2): 28033.
3. Tintor M, Duddy M, Jones DE, et al. The state of MS: current insight into patient-neurologist relationships, barriers to communication, and treatment satisfaction. Poster presented at: Joint ACTRIMS-ECTRIMS meeting; September 10–13, 2014; Boston, MA.
4. Newsome SD, Aliotta PJ, Bainbridge J, Bennett SE, Cutter G, Fenton K, Lublin F, Northrop D, Rintell D, Walker BD, Weigel M, Zackowski K, Jones DE. A Framework of Care in Multiple Sclerosis, Part 2: Symptomatic Care and Beyond. Int J of MS Care 2017 Jan-Feb;19(1): 42-56.
5. Ysrraelit MC, Fiol MP, Gaitan MI, Correale J. Quality of Life Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis: Different Perception Between Patients and Neurologists. Front Neurol 2017;8:729.
6. Barin L, Salmen A, Disanto G. The Disease Burden of Multiple Sclerosis from the Individual and Population Perspective: Which Symptoms Matter Most? Mult Sclerosis and Rel Disord 2018(25): 112-121.
7. Heesen C, Bohm J, Reich C, Kasper J, Goebel M, Gold SM. Patient Perception of Bodily Functions in Multiple Sclerosis: Gait and Visual Function are the Most Valuable. Mult Scler 2008 Aug; 14(7): 988-91.
8. Calandri E, Graziano F, Borghi M, and Bonino S. Young Adults’ Adjustment to Recent Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Identity Satisfaction and Self-Efficacy. Disabil Health J 2018 Aug1.
9. Cioncoloni D, Innocenti I, Bartalini S, Santarnechi E, Rossi S, Rossi A, Ulivelli M. Individual Factors Enhance Health-Related Quality of Life Outcome in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Significance of Predictive Determinants J of Neurological Sciences. 2014 Oct 15;345(1-2):213-9.
10. Ben-Zacharia AB. Therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms. Mt Sinai J Med NY 2011;78:176-91.
11. Rae-Grant A, Bennet A, Sanders AE, Phipps M, Cheng E, Bever C. Neurology 2015; 85(21): 1904-8.
12. Filli L, Sutter T, Easthope CS, Killeen T, Meyer C, Reuter K, Lorincz L, Bolliger M, Weller M, Curt A, Straumann D, Linnebank M, Zomer B. Profiling Walking Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: Characterization, Classification, and Progression Over Time. Sci Rep 2018 Mar 21;8(1):4984.
13. Pearson O, et al. QJM. 2004; 97:463-475.
14. Hebert JR, Corboy JR, Manago MM, Schenkman M. Effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation on Multiple-Sclerosis-Related Fatigue and Upright Postural Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Phys Ther 2011;91:1166-83.
15. Severini G, Manca M, Feraresi G, Caniatii LM, Cosma M, Baldasso F, Straudi S, Moreeli M, Basaglia N. Evaluation of Clinical Gait Analysis parameters in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis: Analysis of kinematics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2017 Jun;45:1-8.
16. Everaert DG, Thompson AK, Chong SL, Stein RB. Does Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop Strengthen Corticospinal Connections? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010; 24:168-177.
17. Hayes KC, at al. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:229-239.
18. Goodman AD, et al. Lancet. 2009;373:732-738.
19. Goodman AD, et al. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:494-502.
20. Strupp M et al. Aminopyridines for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. Neurol Clin Pract 2017 Feb; 7(1):65-76.
21. Nilsagard YE, von Koch LK, Nilsson M, Forsberg AS. Balance Exercise Porgram Reduced Falls in people with Multiple Sclerosis: A Single-Group Pretest-posttest trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95:2428-2434.
22. Kister I, Bacon TE, Chamot E, et al. Natural history of multiple sclerosis symptoms.
Int J MS Care 2013;15(3):146-158.
23. Rice L, Kalron A, Berkowitz SH, Backus D, Sosnoff JJ. Fall Prevalence in People with Multiple Sclerosis Who Use Wheelchairs and Scooters. Medicine 2017 Sep; 96(35): e7860.
24. Burke D, Knowles L, Andrews CJ, Ashby P. Spasticity decrebrate rigidity in the clasp knife phenomenon: an experimental study in the cat. Brain 1972: 95, 31–4810.
25. Mukherjee A, Chakravarty A. Spasticity Mechanisms – for the clinician. Front Neurol 2010;1;149.
26. Levy J, Lansaman T, Fremondiere F, Ferrapie AL, Sher A, Dinomais M, Bensmail D. Spasticity or Periodic Limb Movements? Lessons from a Not-Uncommon Case Report. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2018 Mar 7.
27. Levy J, Harlety S, Mauruc-Soubirac E, Leotard A, Lofaso F, Quera-Salva MA, Bensmail D. Spasticity or Periodic Limb Movements. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018 Oct; 54(5):698-704.
28. Franklin, TR et al. The GABA B Agonist Baclofen Reduces Cigarette Consumption in a Preliminary Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Smoking Reduction Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 103(1-2): 30-36.
29. Terrence CF and Gerhard HF. Complications of Baclofen Withdrawal. Arch Neurol 1931; 38(9): 588-9.
30. Alvis BD and Sobey CM. Oral Baclofen Withdrawal Resulting in Progressive Weakness and Sedation Requiring Intensive Care Admission. Neurohospitalist 2017 Jan; 7(1):39-40.
31. Schapiro, RT. Managing the Symptoms of MS. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, Co., Inc., 2014.
32. Koppel BS, Brust JC, Fife T, Bronstein J, Youssof S, Gronseth G, Gloss D. Systematic Review: Efficacy and Safety of Medical Marijuana in Selected Neurological Disorders: Report of the Guidline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2014 29;82(17): 1556-63.
33. Toosy A, Ciccarelli O, and Thomson A. Symptomatic Treatment and Management of Multiple Sclerosis. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol 122.
34. Saulino M, Jacobs BW. The Pharmacological Management of Spasticity. J Neurosci Nurs 2006; 38(6):456-9.
35. Bennett SE, Bethoud F, Finlayson M, Heyman R. Subjective Symptoms Breakout Group Discussion Int J MS Care 2014; 16:25-32.
36. Targum SD, Fava M. Fatigue as a Residual Symptom of Depression. Innov Clin Neurosci 2011; 8(10):40-3.
37. Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. 1998. The Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers website. Available at http://mscare.org/cmsc/images/pdf/fatigue.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2008.
38. Rammohan KW, Rosenberg JH, Lynn DJ, Pollak CP, Negaraja HN. Efficacy and Safety of Modafinil (Provigil) for the Treatment of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: a two-centre phase 2 study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:179-183.
39. Moller F. Poettgen J. Broemel F, et al. HAGIL (Hamburg Vigil Study): A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study with modafinil for treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011;17:1002–1009.
40. Stankoff B, Waubant E, Confavreaux C, Edan G, Debouverie M, Rumbach L, Moreau T, Pelletier J, Lubetzki C, Clanet M, French Modafinil Study Group. Modafinil for Fatigue in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Neurology. 2005;64:1139-1143.
41. Alkawi A, JC Kattah, K Wyman. Downbeat Nystagmus as a Result of Lamotrigine Toxicity. Epilepsy Res 2005;63(2-3):85-8.
42. Alusi SH, Aziz TZ, Glickman S, Jahanshahi M, Stein JF, Bain PG. Stereotactic lesional surgery for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis: a prospective case-controlled study. Brain. 2001;124:1576–1589.
43. Koch M, Mostert J, Heersema D, De Keyser J. Tremor in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2007;254:133–45
44. Schneider SA, Deuschl G. The Treatment of Tremor. Neurotherapeutics 2014 Jan 11(1); 128-38.
45. Sechi GP, Zuddas M, Piredda M, et al. Treatment of cerebellar tremors with carbamazepine: a controlled trial with long-term follow-up. Neurology. 1989;39:1113–1115.
46. Schroeder A, Linker RA, Lukas C, Kraus PH, Gold R. Successful treatment of cerebellar ataxia and tremor in multiple sclerosis with topiramate: a case report. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010;33:317–318.
47. Naderi F, Javadi SA, Motamedi M, Sahraian MA. The efficacy of primidone in reducing severe cerebellar tremors in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2012;35:224–226.
48. Schniepp R, Jakl V, Wuehr M, et al. Treatment with 4-aminopyridine improves upper limb tremor of a patient with multiple sclerosis: a video case report. Mult Scler 2013;19:506–508.
49. Boelmans K, Gerloff C, Munchau A. Long-lasting effect of levodopa on holmes' tremor. Mov Disord 2012;27:1097–1098.
50. Van Der Walt A, Sung S, Spelman T, et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of botulinum toxin type A in MS-related tremor. Neurology. 2012;79:92–99.
51. Mandat T, Koziara H, Tutaj M, Rola R, Bonicki W, Nauman P. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor among multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2010 Nov-Dec;44(6):542-5
52. Schuurman PR, Bosch DA, Merkus MP, Speelman JD. Long-term follow-up of thalamic stimulation versus thalamotomy for tremor suppression. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1146–1153.
53. Fenoy AJ, Simpson RK Jr. Risks of Common Complications in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: Management and Avoidance. J Neurosurg 2014 Jan; 120(1):132-9.
54. Brandstadter R, Fabian M, Krieger S, Leavitt VM, Lewis C, Pelle G, Sumowski J. Word-Finding Deficits in Early Multiple Sclerosis: A Behavioral and Neuroimaging Investigation. Poster at ECTRIMS, Oct 27, 2017.
55. Langdon, D, Dawn L, Clinical Neuropsychologist, Neuropsychology, A.R. in, Royal H, London, U. of, Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis - Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Eur Neurol 2010 Rev. 5, 69.
56. Calabrese M, Agosta F, Rinaldi F, Mattisi I, Grossi P, Favaretto A, Atzori M, Bernardi V, Barachino L, Rinaldi L, Perini P, Gallo P, Filippi M. Cortical lesions and atrophy associated with cognitive impairment in relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 2009;66:1144–1150.
57. Penny SA, Summers MM, Swanton JK, Cipolotti L, Miller DH, Ron MA. Changing associations between cognitive impairment and imaging in multiple sclerosis as the disease progresses. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2013; 25:134–40.
58. [59] Mani A, Chohedri E, Ravanfar P, Mowla A, Nikseresth A. Efficacy of Group Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2018 Jun; 137(6): 589-97.
59. Sumowski JF, Benedict R, Enzinger C, Filippi M, Geurts JJ, Hamalainen P, Hulst H, Inglese M, Leavitt VM, Rocca MA, Rosti-Otajarvi EM, Rao S. Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis: State of the Field and Priorities for the Future. Neurology. 2018 Feb; 90(6): 1-11.
60. Minden SL, Feinstein A, Kalb RC, Miller D, Mohr DC, Patten SB, Beever C Jr., Schaffer RB, Narayanaswami P. Evidence-Based Guideline: Assessment and Managment of Psychiatric Disorders in Individuals with MS. Neurology 2014; 82: 174-81.
61. Haussleiter IA, Brune M, Juckel G. Psychopathology in Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis, Prevalence, and Treatment. Ther Adv in Neurol Disord 2009 2(1);13-29.
62. Wang JL, Reimer MA, Metz LM, Patten SB. Major depression and quality of life in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Int J Psychiatry Med 2000;30:309–317.
63. Gulick EE. Correlates of quality of life among persons with multiple sclerosis. Nurs Res 1997;46:305–311.
64. Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Harooni R, Myers LW, Ellison GW. A health-related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis. Qual Life Res 1995;4:187–206.
65. McIvor GP, Riklan M, Reznikoff M. Depression in multiple sclerosis as a function of length and severity of illness, age, remissions, and perceived social support. J Clin Psychol 1984;40:1028–1033.
66. O’Brien MT. Multiple sclerosis: the relationship among self-esteem, social support, and coping behavior. Appl Nurs Res 1993;6:54–63.
67. Barin L, Salmen A, Disanto G, Babacic, H, Calabrese P, Chan A, Kamm CP, Kesselring, J, Kuhle J, Gobbi C, Pot C, Puhan MA, von Wyl, V; Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Registry (SMSR). The Disease Burden of Multiple Sclerosis from the Individual and Population Perspective: Which Symptoms Matter Most? Mult Sclerosis and Rel Disord 2018(25): 112-121.
68. Berrigan LI, Fisk JD, Patten SB, Tremlett H, Wolfson C, Warren S, Fiest KM, McKay KA, Marrie RA, for the CIHR Team in the Epidemiology and Impact of Comorbidity in Multiple Sclerosis (ECoMS). Neurology 2016 Apr;86(15):1417-1424.
69. Stenager EN, Stenager E, Koch-Henriksen N, et al. Suicide and multiple sclerosis: an epidemiological investiga- tion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:542–545.
70. Stenager EN, Stenager E. Suicide and patients with neurologic diseases: methodologic problems. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1296–1303.
71. Stenager EN, Koch-Henriksen N, Stenager E. Risk factors for suicide in multiple sclerosis. Psychother Psychosom 1996;65:86–90.
72. Brønnum-Hansen H, Stenager E, Nylev Stenager E, Koch-Henriksen N. Suicide among Danes with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1457– 1459.
73. Sadovnick AD, Eisen K, Ebers GC, Paty DW. Cause of death in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics. Neurology 1991;41:1193–1196. [75] Feinstein A. Multiple sclerosis, depression, and suicide. BMJ 1997;315:691–692.
74. Feinstein A. An examination of suicidal intent in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2002;59:674–678.
75. Fiest KM, Walker JR, Bernstein CN, Graff LA, Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Patten SB, Sareen J, Bolton JM, Marriott JJ, Fisk, JD, Singer A, Marrie RA; CIHR Team Defining the Burden and Managing the Effects of Pyschiatric Comorbidity in Chronic Immunoinflammatory Disease. Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016 Jan;5:12-26.
76. Cosio D, Jin L, Siddique J, Mohr DC. The Effect of Telephone-Adminstered Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Behav Med 2011 Apr; 41(2): 227-34.
77. Moss-Morris R, Dennison L, Landau S, Yardley L, Silber E, and Chalder T. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adjusting to multiple sclerosis (the saMS trial): Does CBT work and for whom does it work? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2013;81(2):251-62.
78. Lincoln NB, Yuill F, Holmes J, Drummond AE, Constantinescu CS, Armstrong S, Phillips C. Evaluation of an Adjustment Group for People with Multiple Sclerosis and Low Mood: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mult Scler J 2011 Oct; 17(10): 1250-7.
79. Graziano F, Calandri E, Borghi M, Bonino S. The Effects of a Group-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Rehabil 2014 Mar; 28(3):264-74.
80. Mohr DC, Boudewyn AC, Goodkin DE, Bostrom A, Epstein L. Comparative outcomes for individual cognitive-behavior therapy, supportive-expressive group psychotherapy, and sertraline for the treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol2001;69:942–9.
81. Garnock-Jones KP. Dextromethorphan/quinidine: In pseudobulbar Affect. CNS Drugs 2011; 25: 435–445.
82. Wortzel HS, Oster TJ, Anderson CA, Arciniegas DB. Pathological Laughing and Crying: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. CNS Drugs 2008;22:531-45.
83. Raissi A, Bulloch AG, Fiest KM, McDonald K, Jette N, Patten SB. Exploration of Undertreatment and Patterns of Treatment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2015 Nov-Dec; 17(6):292-300.
84. Judge R, Parry MG, Quail D, Jacobson JG,. Discontinuation Symptoms: Comparison of Brief Interruption in Fluoxetine and Paroxetine Treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002 17(5):217-25.
85. Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Churchill R et al. Mirtazipine versus other Antidepressive Agents for Depression Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011, 12 (CD006528).
86. Winokur A, DeMartinis 3rd NA, McNally DP, Gary EM, Cormier JL, Gary KA. Comparative Effects of Mirtazipine and Fluoxetine on Sleep Physiology Measures in Patients with Major Depression and Insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 64(10): 1224-9.
87. Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Leppin A, Sonbol MB, Altayar O, Undavalli C et al. Clinical Review: Drugs Commonly Associated with Weight Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 100(2):363-70.
88. Greist J, McNamara RK, Mallinckrodt CH, Rahamajhi JN, Raskin J. Incidence and Duration of Antidepressant-Induced Nausea: Duloxetine Compared with Paroxetine and Fluoxetine. Clin Ther 2004 26(9):1446-55.
89. Li J, Yang L, Pu C, Tang Y, Yun H, Han P. The Role of Duloxetine in Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2013 June; 45)3: 679-86.
90. Coleman CC, King BB, Bolden-Watson C, Book MJ, Segraves RT, Richard N, et al. A Placebo-Controlled Comparison of the Effects on Sexual Functioning of Buproprion Sustained Release and Fluoxetine. Clin Ther 2001 23: 1040-58.
91. Baldwin DS. Depression and Sexual Dysfunction. Br Med Bull 2001 57: 81-99.
92. Benkert, O, Szegedi A, Kohnen R. Mirtazapine Compared with Paroxetine in Major Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 61(9): 656-63.
93. Cooper JA, Tucker VI, Papakostas GI. Resolution of Sleepiness and Fatigue: a Comparison of Buproprion and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Subjects with Major Depressive Disorder Achieving Remission at Doses Approved in the European Union. J Psychopharmacol 2014 28(2):118-24.
94. Grover S, and Das PP. “Can Buproprion Unmask Psychosis?” Indian J Psychiatry 2009 51(1):53-4.
95. Kumar S, Kodela S, Detweiler JG, Kim KY, Detweiler MB. Buproprion-induced Psychosis: Folklore or a fact? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011 33(6):612-7.
96. Cincirpini PM, Tsoh JY, Wetter DW, Lam C, de Moor C, Cincirpini L, Baile W, Anderson C, Minna JD. Combined Effects of Venlafaxine, Nicotine Replacement, and Brief Counseling on Smoking Cessation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005 13(4):282-92.
97. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Harmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for Smoking Cessation. Cochrane Databae Sys Rev 2014 8(1):CD000031.
98. Ebbert JO, Hughes JR, West RJ, Rennard SI, Russ C, McRae TD, Treadow J, Yu CR, Dutro MP, Park PW. Effect of Varenicline on Smoking Cessation through Smoking Reduction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2015 17;313(7):687-94.
99. Wilkes S. The Use of Buproprion SR in Cigarette Smoking Cessation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008 3(1):45-53.
100. Vogeler T, McClain C, Evoy KE. Combination Buproprion SR and Varenicline for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016 42(2):129-39.
101. Rose JE, Behm FJ. Combination Varenicline/Buproprion Treatment Benefits Highly Dependent Smokers in Adaptive Smoking Cessation Program. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 1;19(8):999-1002.
102. Solaro, CM and G Ferriero. “Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia Successfully Treated by Combination Therapy (Pregabalin plus Lamotrigine).” Mult Scler and Rel Disord 2018(25): 165-6.
103. Cameron AP. Medical Management of Neurogenic Bladder with Oral Therapy. Trans Androl Urol 2016 5(1): 51-62.
104. Francomano D, Ilacqua A, Cortese A, Tartaglia G, Lenzi A, Inghilleri M, Aversa A. Effects of Daily Tadalafil on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Young Men with Multiple Sclerosis and Erectile Dysfunction: A Pilot Study. J Endocrinol Invest 2017 Mar;40(3):275-9.
105. Hoverd PA, Fowler CJ. Desmopressin in the Treatment of Daytime Urinary Frequency in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1998 65(5): 778-80.
106. Wada N, Okazaki S, Kobayashi S, Hashizume K, Kita M, Matsumoto S, Kakizaki H. Efficacy of Combination Therapy with Mirabegron for Anticholinergic resistant Neurogenic Bladder: Videourodynamic Evaluation. Hinyokika Kiyo 2015 61(1): 7-11.
107. Brazelli M, Murray A, and Fraser C. Efficacy and Safety of Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Urinary Urge Incontinence: A Systematic Review. J Urol 2006 175(3, Pt 1):835-41.
108. Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, Khan AU, Wooldridge LS, Davis GL, Macdiarmid SA. Randomized Trial of Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation Versus Sham Efficacy in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Results from the SUmiT Trial. J Urol 2010 183(4):1438-43.
109. Elkelini MS, Hassouna MM. Safety of MRI at 1.5Tesla in patients with implanted sacral nerve neurostimulator. Eur Urol 2006;50:311-6.
110. Chia YW, Fowler CJ, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Lemieux MC, Swash M. Prevalence of Bowel Dysfunction in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Bladder Dysfunction. J Neurol 1995 242(2): 105-8.
111. Namey M, Halper J. Elimination Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2012; 14(suppl 1):1-26.
112. Nasimbera A et al. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex and Neurology: Neurological Disability and Sexuality. Arg Neuropsiquiatr 2018 July;76(7):430-5.
113. Bartnik P, Weilgos A, Kacperczyk J, Pisarz K, Szymusik I, Podlecka-Pietowska A, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Weilgos M. Sexual Dysfunction in Female Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Behav 2017 April 14;(6).
114. Calabro RS, Russo M, Dattola V, De Luca R, Leo A, Grisolaghi J, Bramanti P, Quattrini F. Sexual Function in Young Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis: Does Disability Matter? J Neurosci Nurs 2018 June;50(3):161-6.
115. Balsamo R, Arcaniolo D, Stizzo M, Illiano E, Autorino R, Natale F, Constantini E, Damiano R, De Sio M. Increased Risk of Erectile Dysfunction in Men with Multiple Sclerosis: an Italian Cross-Sectional Study. Cent European J Urol 2017;70(3): 289-295.
116. Masmoudi R, Aissi M, Halouani N, Fathallah S, Louribi I, Aloulou J, Amami O, Frih M. Female Sexual Dysfunction and Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study [Abstract]. Prog Urol 2018 Sep; 28(11):530-35.
117. Winder K, Linker RA, Seifert F, Deutsch M, Engelhorn T, Dorfler A, Lee DH, Hosi KM, Hilz MJ. Insular Multiple Sclerosis Lesions are Associated with Erectile Dysfunction” J Neurol 2018 Apr;265(4):783-792.
118. Winder K, Linker RA, Seifert F, Deutsch M, Engelhorn T, Dorfler A, Lee DH, Hosi KM, Hilz MJ. Neuroanatomic Correlates of Female Sexual Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2016 Oct;80(4): 490-8.
119. Delaney KE and J Donovan. “Multiple Sclerosis and Sexual Dysfunction: A Need for Further Education and Interdisciplinary Care. NeuroRehabilitation 41(2017): 371-29.
120. Mosalanejad F, Afrasiabifar A, Zoladi M. Investigating the Combined Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise and Mindfulness on Sexual function in Women with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Clin Rehabil 2018 Oct;32(10):1340-7.
121. Alexander M, Bashir K, Alexander C, Marson L, Rosen R. Randomized Trial of Clitoral Vacuum Suction versus Vibratory Stimulation in Neurogenic Female Orgasmic Dysfunction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Feb; 99(2):299-305.
122. Zamani M, Tavoli A, Khasti BY, Sedighimornani N, Zafar M. “Sexual Therapy for Women with Multiple Sclerosis and Its Impact on Quality of Life. Iran J Psychiatry 2017 12(1): 58-65.
123. Kaneoka A, Pisegna JM, Inokuchi H, Ueha R, Goto T, Nito T, Stepp CE, LaValley MP, Haga N, Langmore SE. Relationship between Laryngeal Sensory Deficits, Aspiration, and Pneumonia in Patients with Pneumonia. Dysphagia 2018 Apr; 33(2):192-99.
124. Langmore SE, Skarupski KA, Park PS, Fries BE: Predictors of aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents. Dysphagia 2002;17(4):298-307.
125. Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Harooni R, Myers LW, Ellison GW: A health-related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis. Qual Life Res 1995, 4:187-206.
126. Solari A. Role of Health-Related Quality of Life Measures in the Routine Care of People with Multiple Sclerosis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2005 3:16.
127. Hobart JC, Lamping DL, Fitzpatrick R, Riazi A, Thompson A: The Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29): a new patient-based outcome measure. Brain 2001, 124:962-973.
128. Hobart JC, Riazi A, Lamping DL, Fitzpatrick R, Thomson AJ. How Responsive is the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale(MSIS-29)? A Comparison with other self report scales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1539-1543.
129. McGuigan C and Hutchinson M. The Mutiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) is a Reliable and Sensitive Measure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Feb; 75(2): 266-9.
130. Van Schependom J, D’hooghe MB, Cleynhens K, D’hooge M, Haelewyck MC, DeKeyser J, Nagels G. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test as Sentinel Test for Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2014 Sep;21(9):1219-25.
131. Smith RA, Berg JE, PopE LE, Callahan JD, Wynn D, Thisted RA. Validation of the CNS Emotional Lability Scale for Pseudobulbar Affect (pathological laughing and crying) in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mult Scler 2004 Dec;10(6):679-85.
132. Mohr DC, Goodkin DE, Likosky W, Beutler L, Gatto N, Langan MK. Identification of Beck Depression Inventory items related to multiple sclerosis. J Behav Med. 1997;20:407–14.
133. Crawford P, Webster NJ. Assessment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Int J of MS Care 2009 Winter; 11(4):167-73.
134. Patten SB, Burton JM, Fiest KM, Wiebe S, Bulloch AG, Koch M, Dobson KS, Metz LM, Maxwell CJ, Jette N. Validity of Four Screening Scales for Major Depression in MS. Mult Scler 2015 Jul;21(8):1064-71.
135. Gunzler DD, Perzynski A, Morris N, Bermel R, Lewis S, Miller D. Disentangling Multiple Sclerosis and Depression: An Adjusted Depression Screening Score for Patient-Centered Care. J Behav Med 2015 Apr; 38(2):237-250.
136. Straube A. Pharmacology of Vertigo/Nystagmus/Oscillopsia. Curr Opin Neurol 2005 Feb;18(1):11-4.
137. Lakin L, Davis BE, Binns CC, Currie KM, Rensel MR. Comprehensive Approach to Management of Multiple Sclerosis: Addressing Invisible Symptoms-A Narrative Review. Neurol Ther. 2021 Jun;10(1):75-98. doi: 10.1007/s40120-021-00239-2. Epub 2021 Apr 20. PMID: 33877583; PMCID: PMC8057008.
138. Francisco GE, Bandari DS, Bavikatte G, Jost WH, McCusker E, Largent J, Zuzek A, Esquenazi A. High clinician- and patient-reported satisfaction with individualized onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for spasticity across several etiologies from the ASPIRE study. Toxicon X. 2020 Jun 6;7:100040. doi: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100040. PMID: 32875289; PMCID: PMC7452133.
139. Meuth SG, Henze T, Essner U, Trompke C, Vila Silván C. Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray in resistant multiple sclerosis spasticity: consistency of response across subgroups from the SAVANT randomized clinical trial. Int J Neurosci. 2020 Dec;130(12):1199-1205. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1730832. Epub 2020 Mar 1. PMID: 32065006.
140. Mitsikostas DD, Doskas T, Gkatzonis S, Fakas N, Maltezou M, Papadopoulos D, Gourgioti R, Mitsias P. A Prospective, Observational, Cohort Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Prolonged-Release Fampridine in Cognition, Fatigue, Depression, and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: The FAMILY Study. Adv Ther. 2021 Mar;38(3):1536-1551. doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01606-5. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PMID: 33528792; PMCID: PMC7932964.
141. Drerup M, Roth A, Kane A, Sullivan AB. Therapeutic Approaches to Insomnia and Fatigue in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021 Feb 16;13:201-207. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S256676. PMID: 33623461; PMCID: PMC7896778.
142. Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, Robert Auger R, Rowley JA, Hashmi SD, Watson NF. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1881-1893. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9328. PMID: 34743789; PMCID: PMC8636351.
143. Meskill GJ, Davis CW, Zarycranski D, Doliba M, Schwartz JC, Dayno JM. Clinical Impact of Pitolisant on Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Cataplexy in Adults With Narcolepsy: An Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. CNS Drugs. 2022 Jan;36(1):61-69. doi: 10.1007/s40263-021-00886-x. Epub 2021 Dec 21. PMID: 34935103; PMCID: PMC8732895.
144. Thorpy MJ, Shapiro C, Mayer G, Corser BC, Emsellem H, Plazzi G, Chen D, Carter LP, Wang H, Lu Y, Black J, Dauvilliers Y. A randomized study of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2019 Mar;85(3):359-370. doi: 10.1002/ana.25423. Erratum in: Ann Neurol. 2020 Jan;87(1):157. PMID: 30694576; PMCID: PMC6593450.
145. Zhornitsky S, Wee Yong V, Koch MW, Mackie A, Potvin S, Patten SB, Metz LM. Quetiapine fumarate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: focus on myelin repair. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013 Oct;19(10):737-44. doi: 10.1111/cns.12154. Epub 2013 Jul 22. PMID: 23870612; PMCID: PMC6493439.
146. Babbage DR, van Kessel K, Drown J, Thomas S, Sezier A, Thomas P, Kersten P. MS Energize: Field trial of an app for self-management of fatigue for people with multiple sclerosis. Internet Interv. 2019 Nov 9;18:100291. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2019.100291. PMID: 31890637; PMCID: PMC6926294.
147. Turalde CWR, Espiritu AI, Anlacan VMM. Memantine for Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Front Neurol. 2021 Feb 15;11:574748. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.574748. PMID: 33658967; PMCID: PMC7917060.
148. Salomè A, Sasso D'Elia T, Franchini G, Santilli V, Paolucci T. Occupational Therapy in Fatigue Management in Multiple Sclerosis: An Umbrella Review. Mult Scler Int. 2019 Mar 21;2019:2027947. doi: 10.1155/2019/2027947. PMID: 31016045; PMCID: PMC6448334.
149. Herden L, Weissert R. The Effect of Coffee and Caffeine Consumption on Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 28;12(8):2262. doi: 10.3390/nu12082262. PMID: 32731633; PMCID: PMC7468779.
150. Nourbakhsh B, Revirajan N, Morris B, Cordano C, Creasman J, Manguinao M, Krysko K, Rutatangwa A, Auvray C, Aljarallah S, Jin C, Mowry E, McCulloch C, Waubant E. Safety and efficacy of amantadine, modafinil, and methylphenidate for fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Jan;20(1):38-48. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30354-9. Epub 2020 Nov 23. PMID: 33242419; PMCID: PMC7772747.
151. Zielińska-Nowak E, Włodarczyk L, Kostka J, Miller E. New Strategies for Rehabilitation and Pharmacological Treatment of Fatigue Syndrome in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med. 2020 Nov 7;9(11):3592. doi: 10.3390/jcm9113592. PMID: 33171768; PMCID: PMC7695014.
152. Hoff JM, Dhayalan M, Midelfart A, Tharaldsen AR, Bø L. Visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2019 Aug 2;139(11). English, Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0786. PMID: 31429247.
153. Castelnovo G, Gerlach O, Freedman MS, Bergmann A, Sinay V, Castillo-Triviño T, Kong G, Koster T, Williams H, Gafson AR, Killestein J. Safety, Patient-Reported Well-Being, and Physician-Reported Assessment of Walking Ability in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis for Prolonged-Release Fampridine Treatment in Routine Clinical Practice: Results of the LIBERATE Study. CNS Drugs. 2021 Sep;35(9):1009-1022. doi: 10.1007/s40263-021-00840-x. Epub 2021 Jul 28. PMID: 34322853; PMCID: PMC8408054.
154. Sconza C, Negrini F, Di Matteo B, Borboni A, Boccia G, Petrikonis I, Stankevičius E, Casale R. Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jul 14;57(7):713. doi: 10.3390/medicina57070713. PMID: 34356994; PMCID: PMC8306232.
155. Gudjonsdottir B, Hjaltason H, Andresdottir GT. [The effect of fampridine on gait in people with Multiple sclerosis (MS)]. Laeknabladid. 2021 Apr;107(4):179-184. Icelandic. doi: 10.17992/lbl.2021.04.630. PMID: 33769308.
156. Mandell, Daniel, and William Tosches. “Traumatic Injuries among Multiple Sclerosis Patients.” Neurological Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, 2012, pp. 12–23., https://doi.org/10.7191/neurol_bull.2012.1038.
157. Amatya B, Khan F, Galea M. Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 14;1(1):CD012732. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012732.pub2. PMID: 30637728; PMCID: PMC6353175.
158. Bastani A, Cofré Lizama LE, Zoghi M, Blashki G, Davis S, Kaye AH, Khan F, Galea MP. The combined effect of cranial-nerve non-invasive neuromodulation with high-intensity physiotherapy on gait and balance in a patient with cerebellar degeneration: a case report. Cerebellum Ataxias. 2018 Mar 5;5:6. doi: 10.1186/s40673-018-0084-z. PMID: 29556411; PMCID: PMC5838879.
159. Makhoul K, Ahdab R, Riachi N, Chalah MA, Ayache SS. Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis-An Overview and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 12;10(10):722. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10100722. PMID: 33053877; PMCID: PMC7601003.
160. Brandmeir NJ, Murray A, Cheyuo C, Ferari C, Rezai AR. Deep Brain Stimulation for Multiple Sclerosis Tremor: A Meta-Analysis. Neuromodulation. 2020 Jun;23(4):463-468. doi: 10.1111/ner.13063. Epub 2019 Nov 22. PMID: 31755637; PMCID: PMC7457309.
161. Kalb R, Beier M, Benedict RH, Charvet L, Costello K, Feinstein A, Gingold J, Goverover Y, Halper J, Harris C, Kostich L, Krupp L, Lathi E, LaRocca N, Thrower B, DeLuca J. Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care. Mult Scler. 2018 Nov;24(13):1665-1680. doi: 10.1177/1352458518803785. Epub 2018 Oct 10. PMID: 30303036; PMCID: PMC6238181.
162. Meca-Lallana V, Gascón-Giménez F, Ginestal-López RC, Higueras Y, Téllez-Lara N, Carreres-Polo J, Eichau-Madueño S, Romero-Imbroda J, Vidal-Jordana Á, Pérez-Miralles F. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis and monitoring. Neurol Sci. 2021 Dec;42(12):5183-5193. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05165-7. Epub 2021 Apr 1. PMID: 33796947; PMCID: PMC8642331.
163. Nasios G, Bakirtzis C, Messinis L. Cognitive Impairment and Brain Reorganization in MS: Underlying Mechanisms and the Role of Neurorehabilitation. Front Neurol. 2020 Mar 6;11:147. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00147. PMID: 32210905; PMCID: PMC7068711.
164. Silveira C, Guedes R, Maia D, Curral R, Coelho R. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: State of the Art. Psychiatry Investig. 2019 Dec;16(12):877-888. doi: 10.30773/pi.2019.0106. Epub 2019 Dec 9. PMID: 31805761; PMCID: PMC6933139.
165. Racke MK, Frohman EM, Frohman T. Pain in Multiple Sclerosis: Understanding Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management Through Clinical Vignettes. Front Neurol. 2022 Jan 13;12:799698. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.799698. PMID: 35095742; PMCID: PMC8794582.
166. Gromisch ES, Kerns RD, Czlapinski R, Beenken B, Otis J, Lo AC, Beauvais J. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J MS Care. 2020 Jan-Feb;22(1):8-14. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2018-023. PMID: 32123523; PMCID: PMC7041614.
167. Haddad F, Dokmak G, Karaman R. The Efficacy of Cannabis on Multiple Sclerosis-Related Symptoms. Life (Basel). 2022 May 5;12(5):682. doi: 10.3390/life12050682. PMID: 35629350; PMCID: PMC9148011.
168. Bennici A, Mannucci C, Calapai F, Cardia L, Ammendolia I, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Griscti Soler D. Safety of Medical Cannabis in Neuropathic Chronic Pain Management. Molecules. 2021 Oct 16;26(20):6257. doi: 10.3390/molecules26206257. PMID: 34684842; PMCID: PMC8540828.
169. Zhang YH, Hu HY, Xiong YC, Peng C, Hu L, Kong YZ, Wang YL, Guo JB, Bi S, Li TS, Ao LJ, Wang CH, Bai YL, Fang L, Ma C, Liao LR, Liu H, Zhu Y, Zhang ZJ, Liu CL, Fang GE, Wang XQ. Exercise for Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Expert Consensus. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Nov 24;8:756940. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756940. PMID: 34901069; PMCID: PMC8654102.
170. Amatya B, Young J, Khan F. Non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 19;12(12):CD012622. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012622.pub2. PMID: 30567012; PMCID: PMC6516893.
171. Moussa M, Abou Chakra M, Papatsoris AG, Dabboucy B, Hsieh M, Dellis A, Fares Y. Perspectives on urological care in multiple sclerosis patients. Intractable Rare Dis Res. 2021 May;10(2):62-74. doi: 10.5582/irdr.2021.01029. PMID: 33996350; PMCID: PMC8122310.
172. Sirbu CA, Mezei RM, Falup-Pecurariu C, Bratu OG, Sirbu AM, Ghinescu MC, Radu FI. Autonomic dysfunctions in multiple sclerosis: Challenges of clinical practice (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2020 Dec;20(6):196. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9326. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PMID: 33123226; PMCID: PMC7588778.
173. M. Gaviria Carrillo, P.A. Ortiz Salas, K.P. Rueda Vergara, G.A. Cortes Bernal, M. Nava Mesa, K. Moreno Medina. Tools for comprehensive evaluation of sexual function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurología (English Edition), 2022, ISSN 2173-5808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.04.024.
174. Prévinaire JG, Lecourt G, Soler JM, Denys P. Sexual disorders in men with multiple sclerosis: evaluation and management. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014 Jul;57(5):329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.05.002. Epub 2014 Jun 3. PMID: 24958443.
175. Ansari NN, Tarameshlu M, Ghelichi L. Dysphagia In Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Diagnostic And Evaluation Strategies. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2020 Mar 26;10:15-28. doi: 10.2147/DNND.S198659. PMID: 32273788; PMCID: PMC7114936.
176. Noë S, Goeleven A, Brouwers H, Meurrens T, De Cock A, Kos D, Vanhaecht K. Training for Caregivers and Compliance with Dysphagia Recommendations in a Tertiary Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation Center. Int J MS Care. 2021 Sep-Oct;23(5):223-228. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-019. Epub 2021 Mar 19. PMID: 34720762; PMCID: PMC8550484.
177. Iva P, Fielding J, Clough M, White O, Noffs G, Godic B, Martin R, van der Walt A, Rajan R. Speech discrimination impairments as a marker of disease severity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021 Jan;47:102608. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102608. Epub 2020 Nov 1. PMID: 33189020.
178. Sapko K, Jamroz-Wiśniewska A, Rejdak K. Novel Drugs in a Pipeline for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 10;11(12):3342. doi: 10.3390/jcm11123342. PMID: 35743410; PMCID: PMC9225445.
179. Miller, PH. Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis: A Resource for Healthcare Professionals. National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2018. Accessed January 21, 2023. https://www.nationalmssociety.org/NationalMSSociety/media/MSNationalFiles/Brochures/Clinical_Bulletin_Dysarthria-in-MS.pdf
180. Mandell, Daniel, and William Tosches. “Traumatic Injuries among Multiple Sclerosis Patients.” Neurological Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, 2012, pp. 12–23.,
181. Masuda H, Mori M, Uzawa A, Uchida T, Ohtani R, Kuwabara S. Difference in fatigue and pain between neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2020 Apr 6;15(4):e0224419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224419. PMID: 32251416; PMCID: PMC7135064.
182. Gable KL, Attarian H, Allen JA. Fatigue in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2020 Dec;62(6):673-680. doi: 10.1002/mus.27038. Epub 2020 Aug 10. PMID: 32710648.
183. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Living and Dealing with Fatigue. InformedHealth.org. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Accessed January 21, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK384467/?report=reader#_NBK384467_pubdet_
184. Veauthier, C. Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis. Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015; 15(21).
185. Braley TJ<,Segal BM, Chervin RD. Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 2012;79:929-936.
186. Lo, HS, Chien-Ming Y, L HG, L CY, Ting H, Tzang BS. Treatment Effects of Gabapentin for Primary Insomnia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010 Mar-Apr; 33(2):84-90.
187. Sentselaar LG, Cheek JJ, Fox SS, Healy HS, Shweizer ML, Bao W, Kamholz J Titcomb TJ. Efficacy of Diet on Fatigue and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: A A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Neurology 2023; 100(40): e357-e366; DOI: 10.1212/WNL. 0000000000201371
188. Herden L, Weisser R. The Effect of Coffee and Caffeine Consumption on Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue. Nutrients 2020; 12(8): 2262.
189. Sumowski JF, Muhlert, N. Dalfampridine Improves Slowed Processing Speed in MS: Picking up the Pace. Neurology 2019; 93(8): 325-6.
190. Nourbakhsh B, Revirajan N, Morris B, Coradno C, Creasman J, Manguiano M, Krysko K, Rutangwa A, Auvray C, Aljarallah S, Jin E Mowry C, McCulloch C, Waubant E. Safety and Efficacy of Amantadine, Modafinil, and Methylphenidate for Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind Trial. Lancet Neurol 2021;20(1):38-48.
191. Langston, C. The Ethics of Prescribing Low- to No-Efficacy Stimulants. MSARD 2022 Jan;57:103386. Doi:10.106/j.msard.2021.103386
192. Fox, S.H.; Kellett, M.; Moore, A.P.; Crossman, A.R.; Brotchie, J. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of dystonia. Mov. Disord. 2002, 17, 145–149.
193. Wade, D.T.; Makela, P.; Robson, P.; House, H.; Bateman, C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult. Scler. J. 2004, 10,
434–441.
194. Zajicek, J.; Fox, P.; Sanders, H.; Wright, D.; Vickery, J.; Nunn, A.; Thompson, A. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and
other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 362,
1517–1526.
195. Krieger SC, A Antoine, J Sumowski. EDSS 0 Is Not Normal: Multiple Sclerosis Disease Burden Below the Threshold. MSARD 2022 28(14):2299-2303. Doi: 10.1177/13524585221108297
196. Zhang Q. Li Y, Liu R, Huang D, Wu, L, Yu S. Paroxysmal Dysarthria-Ataxia Syndrome: Literature Review on MRI Findings and Report of a Peculiar Case with Clinically Isolated Syndrome Coexting with Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antibodies. J Neuroimmunol 2020 Oct 15;347:577327.
197. Iorio R, Capone F, Plantone D, Batocchi AP. Paroxysmal Ataxia and Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2014;21:174-5.
198. Goodwin, SJ, Carpenter AF. Successful Treatment of Paroxysmal Ataxia and Dysarthria in Multiple Sclerosis with Levetiracetam. MSARD 2016;10:79-81.