Helicobacter Pylori is the Cause of Human Gastric Cancer
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background—Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection has been repeatedly reported to be associated with human gastric cancer (GC). However, Epstein Bar virus (EBV) has been found in gastric cancer tissues too. It is therefore not surprising that it proved difficult to establish a causal relationship between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to re-investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer.
Material and methods—The electronic database PubMed was searched for titles and abstracts of studies which investigated the relationship between HP and GC. Four eligible Japanese studies were included in this meta-analysis (196 incident gastric cancers among a total of 14792 individuals). The data available were analysed by new statistical methods. This study considers 5% as a reasonable cut-off for statistical significance.
Results—The studies reviewed provided highly significant evidence that a HP infection is a necessary condition of GC. In everyday language, without a helicobacter pylori infection, no human gastric cancer (P Value < .004). In the same respect, the causal relationship between HP and GC was highly significant too.
Conclusion—In a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was possible to establish a causal relationship between HP and GC. Helicobacter pylori is the cause of human gastric cancer.
Keywords:
Helicobacter pylori, human gastric cancer, cause effect relationship
Article Details
How to Cite
BARUKČIĆ, Ilija.
Helicobacter Pylori is the Cause of Human Gastric Cancer.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 2, feb. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3555>. Date accessed: 14 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i2.3555.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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14. Barukčić I. Helicobacter Pylori is the Cause of Gastric Cancer. Modern Health Science. 2018;1(1):43-50. doi:10.30560/mhs.v1n1p43
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21. Dombre C, Guyot N, Moreau T, et al. Egg serpins: The chicken and/or the egg dilemma. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2017;62:120-132. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.019
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24. Ishaq S, Nunn L. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a state of the art review. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015;8(Suppl 1):S6-S14.
25. Eslick GD. Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastric cancer? A review of the epidemiological, meta-analytic, and experimental evidence. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(19):2991-2999. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i19.2991
26. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(11):784-789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa001999
27. Miki K. Gastric cancer screening by combined assay for serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody and serum pepsinogen levels - “ABC method.” Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011;87(7):405-414. doi:10.2183/pjab.87.405
28. Yoshida T, Kato J, Inoue I, et al. Cancer development based on chronic active gastritis and resulting gastric atrophy as assessed by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody titer. Int J Cancer. 2014;134(6):1445-1457. doi:10.1002/ijc.28470
29. Shuto M, Fujioka T, Matsunari O, et al. Association between Gastric Cancer Risk and Serum Helicobacter pylori Antibody Titers. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2017;2017:1286198. doi:10.1155/2017/1286198
30. Barukčić I. The Mathematical Formula of the Causal Relationship k. IJAPM. 2016;6(2):45-65. doi:10.17706/ijapm.2016.6.2.45-65
31. Barukčić I. Die Kausalität. 1. Aufl. Wiss.-Verl; 1989.
32. Barukčić I. Die Kausalität. 2., völlig überarb. Aufl. Scientia; 1997.
33. Barukčić I. Theoriae Causalitatis Principia Mathematica. Second edition. Books on Demand GmbH; 2021.
34. Barukčić I. Causal relationship k. International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology IJMTT. 2020;66(10):76-115.
35. Barukčić I. The causal relationship k. MATEC Web Conf. 2021;336(2):09032. doi:10.1051/matecconf/202133609032
36. Uspensky JV. Introduction to Mathematical Probability. 1st Edition. McGraw-Hill; 1937.
37. Tschébychef PL. Des valeurs moyennes. Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 1867;12(2):177-184. doi:http://sites.mathdoc.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1867_2_12_A11_0.pdf
38. Barukčić I. Conditio Sine qua Non. Zenodo; 2022. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5854744
39. Spendel G. Die Kausalitätsformel Der Bedingungstheorie Für Die Handlungsdelikte: Eine Kritische Untersuchung Der Conditio-Sine-qua-Non-Formel Im Strafrecht. Univ. Diss.; 1948.
40. Barukčić I. Conditio per quam. Causation. 2022;17(3):5-86. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6369831
41. Barukčić I. Mutually exclusive events. Causation. 2021;16(11):5-57. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5746415
42. Barukčić I. Cytomegalovirus and lung cancer - a causal relationship? Causation. 2023;18(11):5-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7548139
43. Helmert FR. Ueber die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Potenzsummen der Beobachtungsfehler und über einige damit im Zusammenhange stehende Fragen. Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik. 1876;21(3):102-219.
44. Pearson K. X. On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1900;50(302):157-175.
45. Yates F. Contingency Tables Involving Small Numbers and the χ 2 Test. The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (Supplement). 1934;1(2):217. doi:10.2307/2983604
46. Barukčić I. The P Value of likely extreme events. International Journal of Current Science Research. 2019;5(11):1841-1861.
47. Cornfield J. A method of estimating comparative rates from clinical data; applications to cancer of the lung, breast, and cervix. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1951;11(6):1269-1275.
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