Back to the Future – A 19th Century Perspective on Cancer
Main Article Content
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that current negative trends in cancer incidence represent a deteriorating exposome. Analysis of its key components may enable focused and specific cancer prevention strategies beyond the scope of current diet and lifestyle recommendations, and may also be helpful for the increasing numbers of patients in remission. An outline chemo-preventive strategy is derived from historical data and developed for modern use.
Keywords:
cancer, survival, anastasis, resistance, prevention, diet, mid-Victorian
Article Details
How to Cite
CHANAN-KHAN, Prof. Asher; CLAYTON, Dr. Paul.
Back to the Future – A 19th Century Perspective on Cancer.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 9, oct. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3658>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i10.3658.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
References
1. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/resources/trends Accessed December 9th 2022
2. Ugai T, Sasamoto N, Lee HY, Ando M, Song M, Tamimi RM, Kawachi I, Campbell PT, Giovannucci EL, Weiderpass E, Rebbeck TR, Ogino S. Is early-onset cancer an emerging global epidemic? Current evidence and future implications. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022 Oct;19(10):656-673.
3. NIH National Cancer Institute ‘21. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics#:~:text=Approximately%2039.5%25%20of%20men%20and,will%20die%20of%20the%20disease. Accessed December 11th, 2022
4. Cancer Research UK ’21. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/risk/lifetime-risk#heading-Zero Accessed December 11th, 2022
5. Karagiannis GS, Pastoriza JM, Wang Y, Harney AS, Entenberg D, Pignatelli J, Sharma VP, Xue EA, Cheng E, D'Alfonso TM, Jones JG, Anampa J, Rohan TE, Sparano JA, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism. Sci Transl Med. 2017 Jul 5;9(397):eaan0026.
6. Hughes R, Qian BZ, Rowan C, Muthana M, Keklikoglou I, Olson OC, Tazzyman S, Danson S, Addison C, Clemons M, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Joyce JA, De Palma M, Pollard JW, Lewis CE. Perivascular M2 macrophages stimulate tumor relapse after chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3479–3491.
7. Roodhart JML, He H, Daenen LGM, Monvoisin A, Barber CL, van Amersfoort M, Hofmann JJ, Radtke F, Lane TF, Voest EE, Iruela-Arispe ML. Notch1 regulates angio-supportive bone marrow–derived cells in mice: Relevance to chemoresistance. Blood. 2013;122:143–153.
8. Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Davudian S, Shirjang S, Baradaran B. The Different Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance: A Brief Review. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017 Sep;7(3):339-348.
9. Mirzayans R., Murray D. Intratumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance: Contributions of dormancy, apoptosis reversal (anastasis) and cell fusion to disease recurrence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:1308.
10. Herbein G, Nehme Z. Polyploid giant cancer cells, a hallmark of oncoviruses and a new therapeutic challenge. Front. Oncol. 2020;10:567116.
11. Mirzayans R, Murray D. What Are the Reasons for Continuing Failures in Cancer Therapy? Are Misleading/Inappropriate Preclinical Assays to Be Blamed? Might Some Modern Therapies Cause More Harm than Benefit? Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 30;23(21):13217.
12. Zaitceva V, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B. Anastasis: Return journey from cell death. Cancers. 2021;13:3671.
13. Tang HM, Tang HL. Anastasis: Recovery from the brink of cell death. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018;5:180442.
14. Mohammed RN, Khosravi M, Rahman HS, Adili A, Kamali N, Soloshenkov PP, Thangavelu L, Saeedi H, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Isazadeh A, Aslaminabad R, Akbari M. Anastasis: cell recovery mechanisms and potential role in cancer. Cell Commun Signal. 2022 Jun 3;20(1):81.
15. Seervi M, Sumi S, Chandrasekharan A, Sharma AK, Santhosh Kumar TR. Molecular profiling of anastatic cancer cells: Potential role of the nuclear export pathway. Cell Oncol. 2019;42:645–661.
16. Li F, Huang Q, Chen J, Peng Y, Roop DR, Bedford JS, Li CY. Apoptotic cells activate the ‘‘phoenix rising’’ pathway to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. Sci. Signal. 2010;3:ra13.
17. Ng W-L, Huang Q, Liu X, Zimmerman M, Li F, Li C-Y. Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor repopulation after radiotherapy. Transl. Cancer Res. 2013;2:442–448.
18. Cheng J, Tian L, Ma J, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Xu B, Xiong H, Li C, Huang Q. Dying tumor cells stimulate proliferation of living tumor cells via caspase-dependent protein kinase Cδ activation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol. Oncol. 2015;9:105–114.
19. Huang Q, Li F, Liu X, Li W, Shi W, Liu FF, O’Sullivan B, He Z, Peng Y, Tan AC and 10 others. Caspase3-mediated stimulation of tumor cell repopulation during cancer radiotherapy. Nat. Med. 2011;17:860–866.
20. Zhao R, Kaakati R, Lee AK, Liu X, Li F, Li C-Y. Novel roles of apoptotic caspases in tumor repopulation, epigenetic reprogramming, carcinogenesis, and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2018;37:227–236.
21. Corsi F, Capradossi F, Pelliccia A, Briganti S, Bruni E, Traversa E, Torino F, Reichle A, Ghibelli L. Apoptosis as driver of therapy-induced cancer repopulation and acquired cell-resistance (CRAC): A simple in vitro model of Phoenix Rising in prostate cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:1152.
22. Liu C, Li CY, Yuan F. Mathematical modeling of the Phoenix Rising pathway. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014 Feb 6;10(2):e1003461.
23. De Ridder TR, Campbell JE, Burke-Schwarz C, Clegg D, Elliot EL, Geller S, Kozak W, Pittenger ST, Pruitt JB, Riehl J, White J, Wiest ML, Johannes CM, Morton J, Jones PD, Schmidt PF, Gordon V, Reddell P. Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of intratumoral treatment of canine mast cell tumors with tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46). J Vet Intern Med. 2021 Jan;35(1):415-429.
24. Wender PA, Gentry ZO, Fanelli DJ, Luu-Ngoyen QH, McAteer OD, Njoo E. Practical synthesis of the therapeutic leads tigilanol tiglate and its analogues. Nat. Chem. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-022-01048-2
25. Panizza BJ, de Souza P, Cooper A, Roohullah A, Karapetis CS, Lickliter JD. Phase I dose-escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy and pharmacokinetics of an intratumoral injection of tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46). EBioMedicine. 2019 Dec;50:433-441.
26. Marron TU, Schwartz M, Corbett V, Merad M. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2022 Jun 30;9:571-581.
27. Svensson-Arvelund J, Cuadrado-Castano S, Pantsulaia G, Kim K, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Yellin M, Marsh H, Oreper D, Jhunjhunwala S, Moussion C, Merad M, Brown BD, García-Sastre A, Brody JD. Expanding cross-presenting dendritic cells enhances oncolytic virotherapy and is critical for long-term anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun. 2022 Nov 22;13(1):7149.
28. Clayton P, Rowbotham J. How the mid-Victorians worked, ate and died. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009 Mar;6(3):1235-53.
29. Gurven M, Kaplan H, Zelada Supa A. 2007. Mortality experience of Tsimanen Amerindians of Bolivia: regional variation and temporal trends. Am J Hum Biol 19: 376-398.
30. Stieglitz J, Blackwell AD, Gutierrez, RQ, Linares, EC, Gurven M, Kaplan H. (2012). Modernization, sexual risk-taking, and gynecological morbidity among Bolivian forager-horticulturalists. PLoS ONE, 7, e50384.
31. Charlton J, Murphy M, editors. The Health of Adult Britain 1841–1994. 2 volumes. London: National Statistics; 2004.
32. Fiolet T, Srour B, Sellem L, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, Deschasaux M, Fassier P, Latino-Martel P, Beslay M, Hercberg S, Lavalette C, Monteiro CA, Julia C, Touvier M. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ. 2018 Feb 14;360:k322.
33. Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, Andrianasolo RM, Chazelas E, Deschasaux M, Hercberg S, Galan P, Monteiro CA, Julia C, Touvier M. Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé). BMJ. 2019 May 29;365:l1451.
34. Chang K, Gunter MJ, Rauber F, Levy RB, Huybrechts I, Kliemann N, Millett C, Vamos EP. Ultra-processed food consumption, cancer risk and cancer mortality: a large-scale prospective analysis within the UK Biobank. eClinical Med. Published: January 31, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101840
35. Ling S, Zaccardi F, Issa E, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Brown K. Inequalities in cancer mortality trends in people with type 2 diabetes: 20 year population-based study in England. Diabetologia. 2023 Jan 24. doi: 10.1007/s00125-022-05854-8.
36. Osler W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York, D. Appleton and Company,1892
37. LeBlanc BW, Albina JE, Reichner JS. The effect of PGG-beta-glucan on neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo. J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Apr;79(4):667-75.
38. Lee YJ, Paik DJ, Kwon DY, Yang HJ, Park Y. Agrobacterium sp.-derived β-1,3-glucan enhances natural killer cell activity in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Nutr Res Pract. 2017 Feb;11(1):43-50.
39. Hong F, Yan J, Baran JT, Allendorf DJ, Hansen RD, Ostroff GR, Xing PX, Cheung NK, Ross GD. Mechanism by which orally administered beta-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. J Immunol. 2004 Jul 15;173(2):797-806.
40. Kirmaz C, Bayrak P, Yilmaz O, Yuksel H. Effects of glucan treatment on the Th1/Th2 balance in patients with allergic rhinitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2005 Jun;16(2):128-34.
41. Kang HJ, Youn YK, Hong MK, Kim LS. Antiproliferation and redifferentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines by polyphenol phytochemicals. J Korean Med Sci. 2011 Jul;26(7):893-9.
42. Barth TJ, Zöller J, Kübler A, Born IA, Osswald H. Redifferentiation of oral dysplastic mucosa by the application of the antioxidants beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997;67(5):368-76.
43. Marzocco S, Singla RK, Capasso A. Multifaceted Effects of Lycopene: A Boulevard to the Multitarget-Based Treatment for Cancer. Molecules. 2021 Sep 2;26(17):5333.
44. Teodoro AJ, Oliveira FL, Martins NB, Maia Gde A, Martucci RB, Borojevic R. Effect of lycopene on cell viability and cell cycle progression in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int. 2012;12:36.
45. Palozza P, Simone R.E, Catalano A, Mele MC. Tomato lycopene and lung cancer prevention: From experimental to human studies. Cancers. 2011;3:2333–2357.
46. Kotake-Nara E, Kushiro M, Zhang H, Sugawara T, Miyashita K, Nagao A. Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. J. Nutr. 2001;131:3303–3306.
47. Bajalia EM, Azzouz FB, Chism DA, Giansiracusa DM, Wong CG, Plaskett KN, Bishayee A. Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 4;14(13):3278.
48. Bilgin S, Erden Tayhan S, Yıldırım A, Koç E. Investigation of the effects of isoeugenol-based phenolic compounds on migration and proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells at cellular and molecular level. Bioorg Chem. 2022 Nov 8;130:106230.
49. Renke G, Baesso T, Paes R, Renke A. β-Glucan "Trained Immunity" Immunomodulatory Properties Potentiate Tissue Wound Management and Accelerate Fitness Recovery. Immunotargets Ther. 2022 Oct 17;11:67-73.
50. De Marco Castro E, Calder PC, Roche HM. β-1,3/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021 Jan;65(1):e1901071.
51. Zengul AG, Demark-Wahnefried W, Barnes S, Morrow CD, Bertrand B, Berryhill TF, Frugé AD. Associations between Dietary Fiber, the Fecal Microbiota and Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2021;73(7):1108-1117.
52. Kwa M, Plottel CS, Blaser MJ, Adams S. The Intestinal Microbiome and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Female Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 Apr 22;108(8):djw029.
53. Farvid MS, Spence ND, Holmes MD, Barnett JB. Fiber consumption and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer. 2020 Jul 1;126(13):3061-3075.
54. Agostini D, Natalucci V, Baldelli G, De Santi M, Donati Zeppa S, Vallorani L, Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Federici A, Izzo R, Stocchi V, Barbieri E. New Insights into the Role of Exercise in Inhibiting mTOR Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Sep 30;2018:5896786.
55. McLauchlan D. A Practical Treatise on the Diseases and Infirmities of Advanced Life. Neill & Company, Edinburgh 1863. Page 31
56. Kampen KR. The discovery and early understanding of leukemia. Leuk Res. 2012 Jan;36(1):6-13.
57. ‘Cancer Hospital London’. Nottinghamshire Guardian, 2 August 1851: ‘The medical report stated that more than five females to one male were affected with the disease of cancer, predominantly breast cancer, and that about the age of 43 years was the average at which women were affected.’
58. ‘Cancer Hospital’. Oxford University and City Herald, 26 December 1863: ‘There were 1,481 rases in which the cancerous afflictions had reached the second stage of the malady. The average duration of the diseases previous to coming to the hospital was three years, and the average age the patients 43 years.’
59. ‘The Health of London During the Week’. Morning Post, 1 May 1850: ‘The deaths of 20 persons, of whom 18 were women, were the results of cancer, and all occurred between 35 years of age and 50.’
60. Vincze O, Colchero F, Lemaître JF, Conde DA, Pavard S, Bieuville M, Urrutia AO, Ujvari B, Boddy AM, Maley CC, Thomas F, Giraudeau M. Cancer risk across mammals. Nature. 2022 Jan;601(7892):263-267.
61. Watts EL, Matthews CE, Freeman JR, Gorzelitz JS, Hong HG, Liao LM, McClain KM, Saint-Maurice PF, Shiroma EJ, Moore SC. Association of Leisure Time Physical Activity Types and Risks of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality Among Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Aug 1;5(8):e2228510.
________________________________________
Caspase refs
1. Huang Q, Li F, Liu X, Li W, Shi W, Liu F.F, O’Sullivan B, He Z, Peng Y, Tan AC, et al. Caspase3-mediated stimulation of tumor cell repopulation during cancer radiotherapy. Nat. Med. 2011;17:860–866.
2. Donato A.L, Huang Q, Liu X, Li F, Zimmerman MA, Li C.Y. Caspase 3 promotes surviving melanoma tumor cell growth after cytotoxic therapy. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2014;134:1686–1692.
3. Flanagan L, Meyer M, Fay J, Curry S, Bacon O, Duessmann H, John K, Boland KC, McNamara DA, Kay EW et al. Low levels of caspase-3 predict favourable response to 5FU-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: Caspase-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2087.
4. Feng X, Yu Y, He S, Cheng J, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Yang X, Xu B, Liu X, Li CY et al. Dying glioma cells establish a proangiogenic microenvironment through a caspase 3 dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett. 2017;385:12–20.
5. Zhou M, Liu X, Li Z, Huang Q, Li F, Li CY. Caspase-3 regulates the migration, invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Int. J. Cancer. 2018;143:921–930.
6. Liu X, Li F, Huang Q, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Deng Y, Zhou M, Fleenor DE, Wang H., Kastan M.B., et al. Self-inflicted DNA double-strand breaks sustain tumorigenicity and stemness of cancer cells. Cell Res. 2017;27:764–783. doi: 10.1038/cr.2017.41.
7. Zhao R, Kaakati R, Lee AK, Liu X, Li F, Li C-Y. Novel roles of apoptotic caspases in tumor repopulation, epigenetic reprogramming, carcinogenesis, and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2018;37:227–236.
1. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/resources/trends Accessed December 9th 2022
2. Ugai T, Sasamoto N, Lee HY, Ando M, Song M, Tamimi RM, Kawachi I, Campbell PT, Giovannucci EL, Weiderpass E, Rebbeck TR, Ogino S. Is early-onset cancer an emerging global epidemic? Current evidence and future implications. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022 Oct;19(10):656-673.
3. NIH National Cancer Institute ‘21. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics#:~:text=Approximately%2039.5%25%20of%20men%20and,will%20die%20of%20the%20disease. Accessed December 11th, 2022
4. Cancer Research UK ’21. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/risk/lifetime-risk#heading-Zero Accessed December 11th, 2022
5. Karagiannis GS, Pastoriza JM, Wang Y, Harney AS, Entenberg D, Pignatelli J, Sharma VP, Xue EA, Cheng E, D'Alfonso TM, Jones JG, Anampa J, Rohan TE, Sparano JA, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism. Sci Transl Med. 2017 Jul 5;9(397):eaan0026.
6. Hughes R, Qian BZ, Rowan C, Muthana M, Keklikoglou I, Olson OC, Tazzyman S, Danson S, Addison C, Clemons M, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Joyce JA, De Palma M, Pollard JW, Lewis CE. Perivascular M2 macrophages stimulate tumor relapse after chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2015;75:3479–3491.
7. Roodhart JML, He H, Daenen LGM, Monvoisin A, Barber CL, van Amersfoort M, Hofmann JJ, Radtke F, Lane TF, Voest EE, Iruela-Arispe ML. Notch1 regulates angio-supportive bone marrow–derived cells in mice: Relevance to chemoresistance. Blood. 2013;122:143–153.
8. Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Davudian S, Shirjang S, Baradaran B. The Different Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance: A Brief Review. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017 Sep;7(3):339-348.
9. Mirzayans R., Murray D. Intratumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance: Contributions of dormancy, apoptosis reversal (anastasis) and cell fusion to disease recurrence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:1308.
10. Herbein G, Nehme Z. Polyploid giant cancer cells, a hallmark of oncoviruses and a new therapeutic challenge. Front. Oncol. 2020;10:567116.
11. Mirzayans R, Murray D. What Are the Reasons for Continuing Failures in Cancer Therapy? Are Misleading/Inappropriate Preclinical Assays to Be Blamed? Might Some Modern Therapies Cause More Harm than Benefit? Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 30;23(21):13217.
12. Zaitceva V, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B. Anastasis: Return journey from cell death. Cancers. 2021;13:3671.
13. Tang HM, Tang HL. Anastasis: Recovery from the brink of cell death. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018;5:180442.
14. Mohammed RN, Khosravi M, Rahman HS, Adili A, Kamali N, Soloshenkov PP, Thangavelu L, Saeedi H, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Isazadeh A, Aslaminabad R, Akbari M. Anastasis: cell recovery mechanisms and potential role in cancer. Cell Commun Signal. 2022 Jun 3;20(1):81.
15. Seervi M, Sumi S, Chandrasekharan A, Sharma AK, Santhosh Kumar TR. Molecular profiling of anastatic cancer cells: Potential role of the nuclear export pathway. Cell Oncol. 2019;42:645–661.
16. Li F, Huang Q, Chen J, Peng Y, Roop DR, Bedford JS, Li CY. Apoptotic cells activate the ‘‘phoenix rising’’ pathway to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. Sci. Signal. 2010;3:ra13.
17. Ng W-L, Huang Q, Liu X, Zimmerman M, Li F, Li C-Y. Molecular mechanisms involved in tumor repopulation after radiotherapy. Transl. Cancer Res. 2013;2:442–448.
18. Cheng J, Tian L, Ma J, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Xu B, Xiong H, Li C, Huang Q. Dying tumor cells stimulate proliferation of living tumor cells via caspase-dependent protein kinase Cδ activation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol. Oncol. 2015;9:105–114.
19. Huang Q, Li F, Liu X, Li W, Shi W, Liu FF, O’Sullivan B, He Z, Peng Y, Tan AC and 10 others. Caspase3-mediated stimulation of tumor cell repopulation during cancer radiotherapy. Nat. Med. 2011;17:860–866.
20. Zhao R, Kaakati R, Lee AK, Liu X, Li F, Li C-Y. Novel roles of apoptotic caspases in tumor repopulation, epigenetic reprogramming, carcinogenesis, and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2018;37:227–236.
21. Corsi F, Capradossi F, Pelliccia A, Briganti S, Bruni E, Traversa E, Torino F, Reichle A, Ghibelli L. Apoptosis as driver of therapy-induced cancer repopulation and acquired cell-resistance (CRAC): A simple in vitro model of Phoenix Rising in prostate cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:1152.
22. Liu C, Li CY, Yuan F. Mathematical modeling of the Phoenix Rising pathway. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014 Feb 6;10(2):e1003461.
23. De Ridder TR, Campbell JE, Burke-Schwarz C, Clegg D, Elliot EL, Geller S, Kozak W, Pittenger ST, Pruitt JB, Riehl J, White J, Wiest ML, Johannes CM, Morton J, Jones PD, Schmidt PF, Gordon V, Reddell P. Randomized controlled clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of intratumoral treatment of canine mast cell tumors with tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46). J Vet Intern Med. 2021 Jan;35(1):415-429.
24. Wender PA, Gentry ZO, Fanelli DJ, Luu-Ngoyen QH, McAteer OD, Njoo E. Practical synthesis of the therapeutic leads tigilanol tiglate and its analogues. Nat. Chem. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-022-01048-2
25. Panizza BJ, de Souza P, Cooper A, Roohullah A, Karapetis CS, Lickliter JD. Phase I dose-escalation study to determine the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy and pharmacokinetics of an intratumoral injection of tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46). EBioMedicine. 2019 Dec;50:433-441.
26. Marron TU, Schwartz M, Corbett V, Merad M. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2022 Jun 30;9:571-581.
27. Svensson-Arvelund J, Cuadrado-Castano S, Pantsulaia G, Kim K, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Yellin M, Marsh H, Oreper D, Jhunjhunwala S, Moussion C, Merad M, Brown BD, García-Sastre A, Brody JD. Expanding cross-presenting dendritic cells enhances oncolytic virotherapy and is critical for long-term anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun. 2022 Nov 22;13(1):7149.
28. Clayton P, Rowbotham J. How the mid-Victorians worked, ate and died. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009 Mar;6(3):1235-53.
29. Gurven M, Kaplan H, Zelada Supa A. 2007. Mortality experience of Tsimanen Amerindians of Bolivia: regional variation and temporal trends. Am J Hum Biol 19: 376-398.
30. Stieglitz J, Blackwell AD, Gutierrez, RQ, Linares, EC, Gurven M, Kaplan H. (2012). Modernization, sexual risk-taking, and gynecological morbidity among Bolivian forager-horticulturalists. PLoS ONE, 7, e50384.
31. Charlton J, Murphy M, editors. The Health of Adult Britain 1841–1994. 2 volumes. London: National Statistics; 2004.
32. Fiolet T, Srour B, Sellem L, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, Deschasaux M, Fassier P, Latino-Martel P, Beslay M, Hercberg S, Lavalette C, Monteiro CA, Julia C, Touvier M. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ. 2018 Feb 14;360:k322.
33. Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, Andrianasolo RM, Chazelas E, Deschasaux M, Hercberg S, Galan P, Monteiro CA, Julia C, Touvier M. Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé). BMJ. 2019 May 29;365:l1451.
34. Chang K, Gunter MJ, Rauber F, Levy RB, Huybrechts I, Kliemann N, Millett C, Vamos EP. Ultra-processed food consumption, cancer risk and cancer mortality: a large-scale prospective analysis within the UK Biobank. eClinical Med. Published: January 31, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101840
35. Ling S, Zaccardi F, Issa E, Davies MJ, Khunti K, Brown K. Inequalities in cancer mortality trends in people with type 2 diabetes: 20 year population-based study in England. Diabetologia. 2023 Jan 24. doi: 10.1007/s00125-022-05854-8.
36. Osler W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York, D. Appleton and Company,1892
37. LeBlanc BW, Albina JE, Reichner JS. The effect of PGG-beta-glucan on neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo. J Leukoc Biol. 2006 Apr;79(4):667-75.
38. Lee YJ, Paik DJ, Kwon DY, Yang HJ, Park Y. Agrobacterium sp.-derived β-1,3-glucan enhances natural killer cell activity in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Nutr Res Pract. 2017 Feb;11(1):43-50.
39. Hong F, Yan J, Baran JT, Allendorf DJ, Hansen RD, Ostroff GR, Xing PX, Cheung NK, Ross GD. Mechanism by which orally administered beta-1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. J Immunol. 2004 Jul 15;173(2):797-806.
40. Kirmaz C, Bayrak P, Yilmaz O, Yuksel H. Effects of glucan treatment on the Th1/Th2 balance in patients with allergic rhinitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2005 Jun;16(2):128-34.
41. Kang HJ, Youn YK, Hong MK, Kim LS. Antiproliferation and redifferentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines by polyphenol phytochemicals. J Korean Med Sci. 2011 Jul;26(7):893-9.
42. Barth TJ, Zöller J, Kübler A, Born IA, Osswald H. Redifferentiation of oral dysplastic mucosa by the application of the antioxidants beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997;67(5):368-76.
43. Marzocco S, Singla RK, Capasso A. Multifaceted Effects of Lycopene: A Boulevard to the Multitarget-Based Treatment for Cancer. Molecules. 2021 Sep 2;26(17):5333.
44. Teodoro AJ, Oliveira FL, Martins NB, Maia Gde A, Martucci RB, Borojevic R. Effect of lycopene on cell viability and cell cycle progression in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int. 2012;12:36.
45. Palozza P, Simone R.E, Catalano A, Mele MC. Tomato lycopene and lung cancer prevention: From experimental to human studies. Cancers. 2011;3:2333–2357.
46. Kotake-Nara E, Kushiro M, Zhang H, Sugawara T, Miyashita K, Nagao A. Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. J. Nutr. 2001;131:3303–3306.
47. Bajalia EM, Azzouz FB, Chism DA, Giansiracusa DM, Wong CG, Plaskett KN, Bishayee A. Phytochemicals for the Prevention and Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 4;14(13):3278.
48. Bilgin S, Erden Tayhan S, Yıldırım A, Koç E. Investigation of the effects of isoeugenol-based phenolic compounds on migration and proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells at cellular and molecular level. Bioorg Chem. 2022 Nov 8;130:106230.
49. Renke G, Baesso T, Paes R, Renke A. β-Glucan "Trained Immunity" Immunomodulatory Properties Potentiate Tissue Wound Management and Accelerate Fitness Recovery. Immunotargets Ther. 2022 Oct 17;11:67-73.
50. De Marco Castro E, Calder PC, Roche HM. β-1,3/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021 Jan;65(1):e1901071.
51. Zengul AG, Demark-Wahnefried W, Barnes S, Morrow CD, Bertrand B, Berryhill TF, Frugé AD. Associations between Dietary Fiber, the Fecal Microbiota and Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2021;73(7):1108-1117.
52. Kwa M, Plottel CS, Blaser MJ, Adams S. The Intestinal Microbiome and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Female Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 Apr 22;108(8):djw029.
53. Farvid MS, Spence ND, Holmes MD, Barnett JB. Fiber consumption and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer. 2020 Jul 1;126(13):3061-3075.
54. Agostini D, Natalucci V, Baldelli G, De Santi M, Donati Zeppa S, Vallorani L, Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Federici A, Izzo R, Stocchi V, Barbieri E. New Insights into the Role of Exercise in Inhibiting mTOR Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Sep 30;2018:5896786.
55. McLauchlan D. A Practical Treatise on the Diseases and Infirmities of Advanced Life. Neill & Company, Edinburgh 1863. Page 31
56. Kampen KR. The discovery and early understanding of leukemia. Leuk Res. 2012 Jan;36(1):6-13.
57. ‘Cancer Hospital London’. Nottinghamshire Guardian, 2 August 1851: ‘The medical report stated that more than five females to one male were affected with the disease of cancer, predominantly breast cancer, and that about the age of 43 years was the average at which women were affected.’
58. ‘Cancer Hospital’. Oxford University and City Herald, 26 December 1863: ‘There were 1,481 rases in which the cancerous afflictions had reached the second stage of the malady. The average duration of the diseases previous to coming to the hospital was three years, and the average age the patients 43 years.’
59. ‘The Health of London During the Week’. Morning Post, 1 May 1850: ‘The deaths of 20 persons, of whom 18 were women, were the results of cancer, and all occurred between 35 years of age and 50.’
60. Vincze O, Colchero F, Lemaître JF, Conde DA, Pavard S, Bieuville M, Urrutia AO, Ujvari B, Boddy AM, Maley CC, Thomas F, Giraudeau M. Cancer risk across mammals. Nature. 2022 Jan;601(7892):263-267.
61. Watts EL, Matthews CE, Freeman JR, Gorzelitz JS, Hong HG, Liao LM, McClain KM, Saint-Maurice PF, Shiroma EJ, Moore SC. Association of Leisure Time Physical Activity Types and Risks of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality Among Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Aug 1;5(8):e2228510.
________________________________________
Caspase refs
1. Huang Q, Li F, Liu X, Li W, Shi W, Liu F.F, O’Sullivan B, He Z, Peng Y, Tan AC, et al. Caspase3-mediated stimulation of tumor cell repopulation during cancer radiotherapy. Nat. Med. 2011;17:860–866.
2. Donato A.L, Huang Q, Liu X, Li F, Zimmerman MA, Li C.Y. Caspase 3 promotes surviving melanoma tumor cell growth after cytotoxic therapy. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2014;134:1686–1692.
3. Flanagan L, Meyer M, Fay J, Curry S, Bacon O, Duessmann H, John K, Boland KC, McNamara DA, Kay EW et al. Low levels of caspase-3 predict favourable response to 5FU-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: Caspase-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2087.
4. Feng X, Yu Y, He S, Cheng J, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Yang X, Xu B, Liu X, Li CY et al. Dying glioma cells establish a proangiogenic microenvironment through a caspase 3 dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett. 2017;385:12–20.
5. Zhou M, Liu X, Li Z, Huang Q, Li F, Li CY. Caspase-3 regulates the migration, invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Int. J. Cancer. 2018;143:921–930.
6. Liu X, Li F, Huang Q, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Deng Y, Zhou M, Fleenor DE, Wang H., Kastan M.B., et al. Self-inflicted DNA double-strand breaks sustain tumorigenicity and stemness of cancer cells. Cell Res. 2017;27:764–783. doi: 10.1038/cr.2017.41.
7. Zhao R, Kaakati R, Lee AK, Liu X, Li F, Li C-Y. Novel roles of apoptotic caspases in tumor repopulation, epigenetic reprogramming, carcinogenesis, and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2018;37:227–236.