BEHAVIOURAL MODEL BASED STRATEGIES FOR BETTER ADOPTION OF INFERTILITY TREATMENT
Main Article Content
Abstract
Infertility is a global crisis affecting 15% of global population. Rapidly declining sperm counts below critical levels demands immediate attention to make fertility treatment widely available; accessible and affordable; the triple aim in healthcare. Though fertility treatments have advanced in recent years manifold, unfortunately many are still away from accessing the available treatment due to various behavioural influences and biases. Infertility not only affects physical health, but also impacts mental, social and emotional health of individuals and society. Unawareness, guilt, shame and coping issues are some of the strong biases/influences that effect healthcare seeking action. Beneficial effects of behavioural economics (should vs would) has been well studied and applied in health policy and treatment interventions, especially in chronic diseases. A systematic understanding of behavioural stages patients go through during fertility treatment journey; from seeking treatment, adjusting to the multiple cycles of anticipation to welcoming a baby can greatly help individuals access available treatment sooner, in the appropriate way and accept the journey for better outcome with less burden. Providers too will be better equipped to help patients in an informed empathetic counselling once they understand the psycho-behavioural transitions of the patients throughout the journey. Fertility policies, patient education can be designed based on behavioural models that can make fertility treatment accessible at community level.
Keywords:
infertility, Psychology, Behavioural models, Healthcare access, Behavioural economics
Article Details
How to Cite
PANDA, Kaninika; RATH, Satish Prasad.
BEHAVIOURAL MODEL BASED STRATEGIES FOR BETTER ADOPTION OF INFERTILITY TREATMENT.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 3, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3670>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i3.3670.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Infertility. Who.int. Accessed January 10, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
2. Oberpenning R, Muthny FA, Oberpenning F. Psychology of fertility disorders. In: Andrology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:521-537.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8_25
3. Levine H, Jørgensen N, Martino-Andrade A, et al. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Hum Reprod Update. Published online 2022. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmac035.
4. One vision, three zeros. United Nations Population Fund. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.unfpa.org/annual-report-2018
5. Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981;19(2):127-140. doi:10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
6. Lauver D. A theory of care-seeking behavior. Image J Nurs Sch. 1992;24(4):281-287. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1992.tb00734.x
7. Apfel RJ, Keylor RG. Psychoanalysis and infertility. Myths and realities. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 1):85-104. doi:10.1516/0020757021601702
8. Brand JE, Davis D. The impact of college education on fertility: evidence for heterogeneous effects. Demography. 2011;48(3):863-887. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0034-3
9. Hampton K, Mazza D. Fertility-awareness knowledge, attitudes and practices of women attending general practice. Aust Fam Physician. 2015;44(11):840-845.
10. Halleran M, Chernoff A, Gordon JL. Fertility knowledge among women struggling to conceive without medical intervention: A brief report. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3:828052. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.828052
11. Roudsari RL, Allan HT, Smith PA. Looking at infertility through the lens of religion and spirituality: a review of the literature. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2007;10:141-149. doi: 10.1080/14647270601182677.
12. Golas G. The 5 stages of infertility grief. NCCRM | Tubal Ligation Reversal Surgery, IVF, Donor Egg NC. Published June 6, 2013. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.nccrm.com/the-5-stages-of-infertility-grief/
13. Panda K. Infertlity: It’s impact on physical, psychological and social health. Indian Journal of Health Studies. 2021;03(02):24-34. doi:10.56490/ijhs.2021.3202
14. Ombelet W. Global access to infertility care in developing countries: a case of human rights, equity and social justice. Facts Views Vis ObGyn. 2011;3(4):257-266.
15. Chiware TM, Vermeulen N, Blondeel K, et al. IVF and other ART in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic landscape analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2021;27(2):213-228. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmaa047
16. Carneiro MM, França Ferreira MC. Infertility awareness: why should we care?. Women Health. 2021;61(6):501-502. Doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1935269
17. Blichfeldt BS, Smed KM. ‘Do it to Denmark’: A case study on viral processes in marketing messages. J Vacation Mark. 2015;21(3):289-301. doi:10.1177/1356766715573652
18. Mills MC. The dutch fertility paradox: How the Netherlands has managed to sustain near-replacement fertility. In: Low and Lower Fertility. Springer International Publishing; 2015:161-188.
19. Www.un.org. Published 2015. Accessed January 28, 2023. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/Infochart_work-family_balance.pdf
20. Zhang X, Guan Q, Yu Q, et al. Estimating the effects of policies on infertility prevalence worldwide. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1378. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13802-9
21. Www.un.org. Accessed January 28, 2023. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2017-10.pdf
22. Verhaak C, Burns L. Behavioral Medicine Approaches to Infertility Counseling. In: Covington S, Burns &. L, eds. Infertility Counseling: A Comprehensive Handbook for Clinicians. Cambridge University Press; 2006:169-195. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511547263.013
23. Witynski M. Behavioural economics,explained. University of Chicago. Publishes august 11, 2021. Accessed January 17,2023. https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-behavioural-economics
24. Ariely D, Sharabiani A, Sayuj R, et al. Predictably irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. Goodreads.com. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/1713426.Predictably_Irrationa
25. Kahneman D.thinking, Fast and Slow. 1st ed. Ferrari,Straus & Giroux;2011
26. Thaler RH,Sunstein CR.Nudge:improving decisions about health,wealth and happiness. Yale university press;2008.
27. Amir O, Lobel O. Predict, Nudge: How Behavioral Economics Informs Law and Policy. HEALTH AFFAIRSVOL. 2008;108(8):2098-2137.
28. Loewenstein G,Asch DA, Volpp KG. Behavioural economics holds potential to deliver better results for patients, insurers and employers. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32(7):1244-1250. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1163.
29. Williams L, Bischoff R, Ludes J. A biopsychosocial model for treating infertility. Contemp Fam Ther. 1992;14(4):309-322. doi:10.1007/bf00891868
30. Mohiyiddeen L, Cerra C. Biopsychosocial Aspects of Infertility. In: L. Edozien & P. O'Brien, Ed’s. Biopsychosocial Factors in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Cambridge University Press; 2017:110-120. doi:10.1017/9781316341261.015
31. Urich A. Methods for Stress Management.; 2017.
32. Fulford B, Bunting L, Tsibulsky I, Boivin J. The role of knowledge and perceived susceptibility in intentions to optimize fertility: findings from the International Fertility Decision-Making Study (IFDMS). Hum Reprod. 2013;28(12):3253-3262. doi:10.1093/humrep/det373
33. Barron ML, Lithgow D, Wade GH, Mueller Luckey G. Fertility Health Knowledge in U.S. adults: Men narrowing the knowledge gap. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16(5):15579883221117916. doi:10.1177/1557988322111791
34. Daniluk JC, Koert E. Childless Canadian men’s and women’s childbearing intentions, attitudes towards and willingness to use assisted human reproduction. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(8):2405-2412. doi:10.1093/humrep/des190
35. Deatsman S, Vasilopoulos T, Rhoton-Vlasak A. Age and fertility: A study on patient awareness. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2016;20(3):99-106. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20160024
36. Okafor NI, Joe-Ikechebelu NN, Ikechebelu JI. Perceptions of Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization Treatment among Married Couples in Anambra State, Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2017;21(4):55-66. doi:10.29063/ajrh2017/v21i4.6
37. Domar A, Vassena R, Dixon M, et al. Barriers and factors associated with significant delays to initial consultation and treatment for infertile patients and partners of infertile patients. Reprod Biomed Online. 2021;43(6):1126-1136. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.002
38. Practical Psychology. Transtheoretical model and stages of change (examples). Practical Psychology. Published October 31, 2019. Accessed January 11, 2023. https://practicalpie.com/transtheoretical-model-stages-of-change-examples/
39. Ansari Majd M, Naghibi A, KhalajAbadi-Farahani F, Moosazadeh M, Khani S. The effect of transtheoretical model-based education on reproductive age woman’s decision making toward childbearing. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2021;8(4):238-245. doi:10.4103/jnms.jnms_51_20
40. Lui S, Blyth E, Chirema K. Infertility patients’ motivations for and experiences of cross border reproductive services (CBRS): a partial trans-theoretical model. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(3):e58. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.198
41. Costa Figueiredo M, Chen Y. Health data in fertility care: An ecological perspective. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445189
42. Grande G, Colesso W, Gava S, De Conto U, Cusinato M. A multidisciplinary Quality of Care Path for couple infertility: Development of an integrated approach founded on A multidisciplinary, personalistic, and ecological model for couple fertility. Linacre Q. 2022;89(2):165-177. doi:10.1177/00243639221081980
43. Kroemeke A, Kubicka E. Positive and negative adjustment in couples undergoing infertility treatment: The impact of support exchange. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0200124. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200124.
44. Social cognitive theory model - rural health promotion and disease prevention toolkit. Ruralhealthinfo.org. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/2/theories-and-models/social-cognitive
45. Chu X, Geng Y, Zhang R, Guo W. Perceived social support and life satisfaction in infertile women undergoing treatment: A moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2021;12:651612. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651612
46. Bachrach CA, Morgan SP. A cognitive-social model of fertility intentions. Popul Dev Rev. 2013;39(3):459-485. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00612.x
47. Claybaugh M. How social contagion is affecting us. Student Activities. Published November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.liberty.edu/campusrec/student-activities/blog/how-social-contagion-is-affecting-us/)
48. Balbo N, Barban N. Social contagion effects in fertility: Theory and analytical strategy. In: Analyzing Contemporary Fertility. Springer International Publishing; 2020:49-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48519-1_4
49. Berndt JO, Rodermund SC, Timm IJ. Social contagion of fertility: An agent-based simulation study. In: 2018 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE; 2018;953-964. doi: 10.1109/WSC.2018.8632331
50. What is social learning theory? - social work theories. CORP-MSW1 (OMSWP). Published April 27, 2021. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.onlinemswprograms.com/social-work/theories/social-learning-theory/
51. Chen PL, Saman TN. A new model for evaluating the influence of social networks, social learning, and supportive policies on the desire of women for fertility. Hum Syst Manage. 2021;40(3):365-378. doi:10.3233/hsm-190825
52. Fowler S. Psaros C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for infertile women: Is it better than medication? MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. Published April 4, 2011. Accessed January 14, 2023. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-infertile-women-is-it-better-than-medication/
53. Halleran M, Chernoff A, Gordon JL. Fertility knowledge among women struggling to conceive without medical intervention: A brief report. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.828052
54. Karaca A, Yavuzcan A, Batmaz S, Cangür Ş, Çalişkan A. The effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy on infertility stress, general health, and negative cognitions: A randomized controlled trial. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. 2019;37(4):375-394. doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00317-3
55. Pour TH. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on anxiety in infertile women. Eur J Exp Biol. 2014;4(1):0-0. Accessed January 14, 2023. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/the-effect-of-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-on-anxiety-in-infertile-women-91975.html
56. Golshani F, Hasanpour S, Mirghafourvand M, Esmaeilpour K. Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy-based counseling on perceived stress in pregnant women with history of primary infertility: a controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):278. doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03283-2
57. Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, Hayden JA, Stewart SH. Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD011565. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011565
58. Shahrom M, Suzila Kassim E, Humaidi N. Zamzuri NH. A Captology Study on Behavior Model for Persuasive Ubiquitous Technology. International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing. 2017;7(5). doi: 10.18178/ijmlc.2017.7.5.640
59. Brindal E, Hendrie GA, Freyne J. Combining persuasive technology with behavioral theory to support weight maintenance through a mobile phone app: Protocol for the MotiMate app. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;5(1):e5. doi:10.2196/resprot.4664
60. Oyibo K, Vassileva J. Persuasive features that drive the adoption of a fitness application and the moderating effect of age and gender. Multimodal Technol Interact. 2020;4(2):17. doi:10.3390/mti4020017
61. Fogg BJ. Persuasive technologie301398. Commun ACM. 1999;42(5):26-29. doi:10.1145/301353.301396
62. Goel V. Nudging for health: do we need financial incentives?. Healthc Pap. 2012;12(4):23-66. doi:10.12927/hcpap.2013.23219
63. Wu AK, Elliott P, Katz PP, Smith JF. Time costs of fertility care: the hidden hardship of building a family. Fertil Steril. 2013;99(7):2025-2030. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.145
64. Bourrion B, Panjo H, Bithorel PL, de La Rochebrochard E, François M, Pelletier-Fleury N. The economic burden of infertility treatment and distribution of expenditures overtime in France: a self-controlled pre-post study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):512. doi:10.1186/s12913-022-07725-9
2. Oberpenning R, Muthny FA, Oberpenning F. Psychology of fertility disorders. In: Andrology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:521-537.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8_25
3. Levine H, Jørgensen N, Martino-Andrade A, et al. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Hum Reprod Update. Published online 2022. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmac035.
4. One vision, three zeros. United Nations Population Fund. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.unfpa.org/annual-report-2018
5. Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981;19(2):127-140. doi:10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
6. Lauver D. A theory of care-seeking behavior. Image J Nurs Sch. 1992;24(4):281-287. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1992.tb00734.x
7. Apfel RJ, Keylor RG. Psychoanalysis and infertility. Myths and realities. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 1):85-104. doi:10.1516/0020757021601702
8. Brand JE, Davis D. The impact of college education on fertility: evidence for heterogeneous effects. Demography. 2011;48(3):863-887. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0034-3
9. Hampton K, Mazza D. Fertility-awareness knowledge, attitudes and practices of women attending general practice. Aust Fam Physician. 2015;44(11):840-845.
10. Halleran M, Chernoff A, Gordon JL. Fertility knowledge among women struggling to conceive without medical intervention: A brief report. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3:828052. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.828052
11. Roudsari RL, Allan HT, Smith PA. Looking at infertility through the lens of religion and spirituality: a review of the literature. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2007;10:141-149. doi: 10.1080/14647270601182677.
12. Golas G. The 5 stages of infertility grief. NCCRM | Tubal Ligation Reversal Surgery, IVF, Donor Egg NC. Published June 6, 2013. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.nccrm.com/the-5-stages-of-infertility-grief/
13. Panda K. Infertlity: It’s impact on physical, psychological and social health. Indian Journal of Health Studies. 2021;03(02):24-34. doi:10.56490/ijhs.2021.3202
14. Ombelet W. Global access to infertility care in developing countries: a case of human rights, equity and social justice. Facts Views Vis ObGyn. 2011;3(4):257-266.
15. Chiware TM, Vermeulen N, Blondeel K, et al. IVF and other ART in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic landscape analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2021;27(2):213-228. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmaa047
16. Carneiro MM, França Ferreira MC. Infertility awareness: why should we care?. Women Health. 2021;61(6):501-502. Doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1935269
17. Blichfeldt BS, Smed KM. ‘Do it to Denmark’: A case study on viral processes in marketing messages. J Vacation Mark. 2015;21(3):289-301. doi:10.1177/1356766715573652
18. Mills MC. The dutch fertility paradox: How the Netherlands has managed to sustain near-replacement fertility. In: Low and Lower Fertility. Springer International Publishing; 2015:161-188.
19. Www.un.org. Published 2015. Accessed January 28, 2023. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/Infochart_work-family_balance.pdf
20. Zhang X, Guan Q, Yu Q, et al. Estimating the effects of policies on infertility prevalence worldwide. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1378. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13802-9
21. Www.un.org. Accessed January 28, 2023. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2017-10.pdf
22. Verhaak C, Burns L. Behavioral Medicine Approaches to Infertility Counseling. In: Covington S, Burns &. L, eds. Infertility Counseling: A Comprehensive Handbook for Clinicians. Cambridge University Press; 2006:169-195. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511547263.013
23. Witynski M. Behavioural economics,explained. University of Chicago. Publishes august 11, 2021. Accessed January 17,2023. https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-behavioural-economics
24. Ariely D, Sharabiani A, Sayuj R, et al. Predictably irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. Goodreads.com. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/1713426.Predictably_Irrationa
25. Kahneman D.thinking, Fast and Slow. 1st ed. Ferrari,Straus & Giroux;2011
26. Thaler RH,Sunstein CR.Nudge:improving decisions about health,wealth and happiness. Yale university press;2008.
27. Amir O, Lobel O. Predict, Nudge: How Behavioral Economics Informs Law and Policy. HEALTH AFFAIRSVOL. 2008;108(8):2098-2137.
28. Loewenstein G,Asch DA, Volpp KG. Behavioural economics holds potential to deliver better results for patients, insurers and employers. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32(7):1244-1250. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1163.
29. Williams L, Bischoff R, Ludes J. A biopsychosocial model for treating infertility. Contemp Fam Ther. 1992;14(4):309-322. doi:10.1007/bf00891868
30. Mohiyiddeen L, Cerra C. Biopsychosocial Aspects of Infertility. In: L. Edozien & P. O'Brien, Ed’s. Biopsychosocial Factors in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Cambridge University Press; 2017:110-120. doi:10.1017/9781316341261.015
31. Urich A. Methods for Stress Management.; 2017.
32. Fulford B, Bunting L, Tsibulsky I, Boivin J. The role of knowledge and perceived susceptibility in intentions to optimize fertility: findings from the International Fertility Decision-Making Study (IFDMS). Hum Reprod. 2013;28(12):3253-3262. doi:10.1093/humrep/det373
33. Barron ML, Lithgow D, Wade GH, Mueller Luckey G. Fertility Health Knowledge in U.S. adults: Men narrowing the knowledge gap. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16(5):15579883221117916. doi:10.1177/1557988322111791
34. Daniluk JC, Koert E. Childless Canadian men’s and women’s childbearing intentions, attitudes towards and willingness to use assisted human reproduction. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(8):2405-2412. doi:10.1093/humrep/des190
35. Deatsman S, Vasilopoulos T, Rhoton-Vlasak A. Age and fertility: A study on patient awareness. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2016;20(3):99-106. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20160024
36. Okafor NI, Joe-Ikechebelu NN, Ikechebelu JI. Perceptions of Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization Treatment among Married Couples in Anambra State, Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2017;21(4):55-66. doi:10.29063/ajrh2017/v21i4.6
37. Domar A, Vassena R, Dixon M, et al. Barriers and factors associated with significant delays to initial consultation and treatment for infertile patients and partners of infertile patients. Reprod Biomed Online. 2021;43(6):1126-1136. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.002
38. Practical Psychology. Transtheoretical model and stages of change (examples). Practical Psychology. Published October 31, 2019. Accessed January 11, 2023. https://practicalpie.com/transtheoretical-model-stages-of-change-examples/
39. Ansari Majd M, Naghibi A, KhalajAbadi-Farahani F, Moosazadeh M, Khani S. The effect of transtheoretical model-based education on reproductive age woman’s decision making toward childbearing. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2021;8(4):238-245. doi:10.4103/jnms.jnms_51_20
40. Lui S, Blyth E, Chirema K. Infertility patients’ motivations for and experiences of cross border reproductive services (CBRS): a partial trans-theoretical model. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(3):e58. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.198
41. Costa Figueiredo M, Chen Y. Health data in fertility care: An ecological perspective. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445189
42. Grande G, Colesso W, Gava S, De Conto U, Cusinato M. A multidisciplinary Quality of Care Path for couple infertility: Development of an integrated approach founded on A multidisciplinary, personalistic, and ecological model for couple fertility. Linacre Q. 2022;89(2):165-177. doi:10.1177/00243639221081980
43. Kroemeke A, Kubicka E. Positive and negative adjustment in couples undergoing infertility treatment: The impact of support exchange. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0200124. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200124.
44. Social cognitive theory model - rural health promotion and disease prevention toolkit. Ruralhealthinfo.org. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/2/theories-and-models/social-cognitive
45. Chu X, Geng Y, Zhang R, Guo W. Perceived social support and life satisfaction in infertile women undergoing treatment: A moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2021;12:651612. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651612
46. Bachrach CA, Morgan SP. A cognitive-social model of fertility intentions. Popul Dev Rev. 2013;39(3):459-485. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00612.x
47. Claybaugh M. How social contagion is affecting us. Student Activities. Published November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.liberty.edu/campusrec/student-activities/blog/how-social-contagion-is-affecting-us/)
48. Balbo N, Barban N. Social contagion effects in fertility: Theory and analytical strategy. In: Analyzing Contemporary Fertility. Springer International Publishing; 2020:49-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48519-1_4
49. Berndt JO, Rodermund SC, Timm IJ. Social contagion of fertility: An agent-based simulation study. In: 2018 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE; 2018;953-964. doi: 10.1109/WSC.2018.8632331
50. What is social learning theory? - social work theories. CORP-MSW1 (OMSWP). Published April 27, 2021. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.onlinemswprograms.com/social-work/theories/social-learning-theory/
51. Chen PL, Saman TN. A new model for evaluating the influence of social networks, social learning, and supportive policies on the desire of women for fertility. Hum Syst Manage. 2021;40(3):365-378. doi:10.3233/hsm-190825
52. Fowler S. Psaros C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for infertile women: Is it better than medication? MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. Published April 4, 2011. Accessed January 14, 2023. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-infertile-women-is-it-better-than-medication/
53. Halleran M, Chernoff A, Gordon JL. Fertility knowledge among women struggling to conceive without medical intervention: A brief report. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022;3. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.828052
54. Karaca A, Yavuzcan A, Batmaz S, Cangür Ş, Çalişkan A. The effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy on infertility stress, general health, and negative cognitions: A randomized controlled trial. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. 2019;37(4):375-394. doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00317-3
55. Pour TH. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on anxiety in infertile women. Eur J Exp Biol. 2014;4(1):0-0. Accessed January 14, 2023. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/the-effect-of-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-on-anxiety-in-infertile-women-91975.html
56. Golshani F, Hasanpour S, Mirghafourvand M, Esmaeilpour K. Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy-based counseling on perceived stress in pregnant women with history of primary infertility: a controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):278. doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03283-2
57. Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, Hayden JA, Stewart SH. Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD011565. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011565
58. Shahrom M, Suzila Kassim E, Humaidi N. Zamzuri NH. A Captology Study on Behavior Model for Persuasive Ubiquitous Technology. International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing. 2017;7(5). doi: 10.18178/ijmlc.2017.7.5.640
59. Brindal E, Hendrie GA, Freyne J. Combining persuasive technology with behavioral theory to support weight maintenance through a mobile phone app: Protocol for the MotiMate app. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;5(1):e5. doi:10.2196/resprot.4664
60. Oyibo K, Vassileva J. Persuasive features that drive the adoption of a fitness application and the moderating effect of age and gender. Multimodal Technol Interact. 2020;4(2):17. doi:10.3390/mti4020017
61. Fogg BJ. Persuasive technologie301398. Commun ACM. 1999;42(5):26-29. doi:10.1145/301353.301396
62. Goel V. Nudging for health: do we need financial incentives?. Healthc Pap. 2012;12(4):23-66. doi:10.12927/hcpap.2013.23219
63. Wu AK, Elliott P, Katz PP, Smith JF. Time costs of fertility care: the hidden hardship of building a family. Fertil Steril. 2013;99(7):2025-2030. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.145
64. Bourrion B, Panjo H, Bithorel PL, de La Rochebrochard E, François M, Pelletier-Fleury N. The economic burden of infertility treatment and distribution of expenditures overtime in France: a self-controlled pre-post study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):512. doi:10.1186/s12913-022-07725-9