Resiliency in Firefighters: Using Photovoice to Identify Protective Factors
Main Article Content
Abstract
Due to high levels of occupational hazards, firefighters are prone to psychological maladaptation, ranging from PTSD to burnout. However, it is not well understood why some firefighters persist in their careers while others choose to leave. In this qualitative study, photovoice as a form of digital storytelling was used to understand the factors of resiliency that may contribute to career persistence. Firefighters (n = 7) in a large, suburban fire department in Colorado contributed photographs and discussed the importance of their chosen photographs through individual, in-depth interviews. Using the theoretical lens of the resiliency portfolio model consisting of self-regulation, interpersonal relationships, and meaning making, analysis revealed subthemes that demonstrated firefighters’ capacity for resiliency. Within self-regulation, three subthemes emerged: adrenaline activities, alcohol, and positive coping. Within interpersonal relationships, two subthemes emerged: work-family and mentoring. Within meaning making, three subthemes became apparent: helping others, legacy, and fatalism. Recommendations for fire departments to enhance the dimensions of resilience are made based on the emergent themes with an emphasis on positive coping skills and mentoring.
Keywords:
Firefighters, fire service, resilience, psychological maladaptation, resilience portfolio model, interpersonal relationships, meaning-making, self-regulation
Article Details
How to Cite
STOUT, Rebecca A.; SHAFER, Karen L..
Resiliency in Firefighters: Using Photovoice to Identify Protective Factors.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 4, apr. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3722>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i4.3722.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Jo I, Lee S, Sung G, et al. Relationship between burnout and PTSD symptoms in firefighters: The moderating effects of a sense of calling to firefighting. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2017;91(1):117-123. doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1263-6
3. Smith TD, Hughes K, DeJoy DM, Dyal M-A. Assessment of relationships between work stress, work-family conflict, Burnout and Firefighter Safety Behavior Outcomes. Safety Science. 2018;103:287-292. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.005
4. Smith TD, Mullins-Jaime C, Dyal M-A, DeJoy DM. Stress, Burnout and diminished safety behaviors: An argument for total worker health® approaches in the fire service. Journal of Safety Research. 2020;75:189-195. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.010
5. Stout, RA, Kostamo, S, West, S. Burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious trauma among wildfire responders. Journal of Emergency Management. 2021;19(5):451-460. doi:10.5055/jem.0653
6. Cocker FM, Joss N. Compassion fatigue among healthcare, emergency and Community Service Workers: A systematic review. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2017. doi:10.1037/e510112017-001
7. Dane BO. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (psychosocial stress series no. 23) edited by Charles F. Figley. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1995. 268 pp. $37.95 hardback, ISBN 0-87630-759-4. Social Work. 1997;42(2):207-207. doi:10.1093/sw/42.2.207-a
8. Kim R, Ha JH, Jue J. The moderating effect of compassion fatigue in the relationship between firefighters’ burnout and risk factors in working environment. Journal of Risk Research. 2020;23(11):1491-1503. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1738529
9. Stout, RA & Kostamo, SM. Firefighters’ experiences with burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious trauma: A photovoice project. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research. 2021;16(1):35–50.
10. Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury. NFPA statistics - Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury. https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Data-research-and-tools/Emergency-Responders/Firefighter-fatalities-in-the-United-States/Firefighter-deaths-by-cause-and-nature-of-injury. Accessed February 23, 2023.
11. Leiter, MP & Maslach, C. Six areas of worklife: A model of the organizational context of burnout. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration. 1999;21(4):472-89. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25780925
12. Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-111. doi:10.1002/wps.20311
13. Wooding, C, Cormier, ML, Bernstein, M, & Zizzi, S. An exploration of the factors that influence West Virginia firefighters’ health behaviors. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research. 2018;13(2):134–154.
14. Koopmans, E, Wagner, SL, Schmidt, G, & Harder, H. Emergency response services suicide: A crisis in Canada? Journal of Loss & Trauma. 2017;22(7):527–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2017.1360589
15. Park, H, Kim, JI, Min, B, Oh, S, & Kim, JH. Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation in Korean firefighters: A nationwide study. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2388-9
16. Harvey, SB, Milligan-Saville, JS, Paterson, HM, Harkness, EL, Marsh, AM, Dobson, M, Kemp, R, Bryant, RA. The mental health of fire-fighters: An examination of the impact of repeated trauma exposure. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2016;50(7):649–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615217
17. Baranowsky, AB, Gentry, JE. Compassion satisfaction manual. (1999). Psych Ink.
18. Gulliver, SB, Zimering, R, Knight, J, Morissette, S, Kamholz, B, Meyer, E, Keane, T, Pennington, M, Denman, T, Carpenter, T, Kimbrel, N. Tobacco and alcohol use among firefighters during their first 3 years of service. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2018;32(3):255–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000366
19. Haddock, CK, Day, RS, Poston, WSC, Jahnke, SA, & Jitnarin, N. Alcohol use and caloric intake from alcohol in a national cohort of U.S. career firefighters. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2015;76(3):360-366. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2015.76.360
20. Lebeaut A, Tran JK, Vujanovic AA. Posttraumatic stress, alcohol use severity, and alcohol use motives among firefighters: The role of anxiety sensitivity. Addictive Behaviors. 2020;106:106353. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106353
21. Grych J, Hamby S, Banyard V. The resilience portfolio model: Understanding healthy adaptation in victims of violence. Psychology of Violence. 2015;5(4):343-354. doi:10.1037/a0039671
22. Duckworth AL, Peterson C, Matthews MD, Kelly DR. Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92(6):1087-1101. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
23. Hamby S, Grych J, Banyard V. Resilience portfolios and poly-strengths: Identifying protective factors associated with thriving after adversity. Psychology of Violence. 2018;8(2):172-183. doi:10.1037/vio0000135
24. Strack RW, Orsini MM, Ewald DR. Revisiting the roots and aims of Photovoice. Health Promotion Practice. 2022;23(2):221-229. doi:10.1177/15248399211061710
25. Liebenberg L. Photovoice and being intentional about empowerment. Health Promotion Practice. 2022;23(2):267-273. doi:10.1177/15248399211062902
26. Nykiforuk CIJ, Vallianatos H, Nieuwendyk LM. Photovoice as a method for revealing community perceptions of the built and Social Environment. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2011;10(2):103-124. doi:10.1177/160940691101000201
27. About photovoice - ethical photography for Social Change. PhotoVoice. https://photovoice.org/about-us/. Published July 19, 2022. Accessed February 23, 2023.
28. Musoke D, Ssemugabo C, Ndejjo R, Molyneux S, Ekirapa-Kiracho E. Ethical practice in my work: Community health workers’ perspectives using photovoice in Wakiso District, Uganda. BMC Medical Ethics. 2020;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12910-020-00505-2
29. Gaboardi M, Santinello M, Disperati F, et al. Working with people experiencing homelessness in Europe. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership and Governance. 2022;46(4):324-345. doi:10.1080/23303131.2022.2050330
30. Lindow P, Yen IH, Xiao M, Leung CW. “You run out of hope”: an exploration of low-income parents’ experiences with food insecurity using Photovoice. Public Health Nutrition. 2022;25(4):987-993. doi:10.1017/S1368980021002743
31. Martinez-Vargas C, Walker M, Mkwananzi F. Access to higher education in South Africa: Expanding capabilities in and through an undergraduate photovoice project. Educational Action Research. 2019;28(3):427-442. doi:10.1080/09650792.2019.1612767
32. O’Donovan J, Namanda AS, Hamala R, Winters N, Bhutta MF. Exploring perceptions, barriers, and enablers for delivery of primary ear and hearing care by Community Health Workers: A photovoice study in Mukono District, Uganda. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2020;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01158-8
33. Shumba TW, Moodley I. Part 1: A review of using photovoice as a disability research method: Implications for eliciting the experiences of persons with disabilities on the Community Based Rehabilitation Programme in Namibia. African Journal of Disability. 2018;7. doi:10.4102/ajod.v7i0.418
34. Wang C, Burris MA. Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Education & Behavior. 1997;24(3):369-387. doi:10.1177/109019819702400309
35. Miller T. Telling the difficult things: Creating spaces for disclosure, Rapport and ‘collusion’ in qualitative interviews. Women's Studies International Forum. 2017;61:81-86. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2016.07.005
36. The Life Paths Research Center. https://lifepathsresearch.org/. Published October 21, 2022. Accessed February 10, 2023.
37. Hamby S, Grych, J, Banyard, VL. Life paths measurement packet: Finalized scales. Life Paths Measurement Packet: Finalized Scales. https://lifepathsresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Life-Paths-Measurement-Packet-finalized-scales-Aug-2015-Color-front-and-back.pdf. Published 2015. Accessed February 10, 2023.
38. Deterding NM, Waters MC. Flexible coding of in-depth interviews: A twenty-first-century approach. Sociological Methods & Research. 2018;50(2):708-739. doi:10.1177/0049124118799377
39. Coleman P. Validity and reliability within qualitative research in the caring sciences. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2021;14(3):2041-2045.
40. Johnson, RB. Examining the validity structure of qualitative research. Education. 1997;118(2):282-292.
41. Guion, LA, Diehl, DC, McDonald D. Triangulation: Establishing the validity of qualitative studies. University of Florida Extension, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/download/126893/126533
42. Malterud K. Qualitative research: Standards, challenges, and guidelines. The Lancet. 2001;358(9280):483-488. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05627-6
43. Rheinhardt, A, Kreiner, G, Gioia, D, Corley, K. Conducting and publishing rigorous qualitative research. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe, & G. Grandy (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Business and Management Research Methods 2018. (pp. 515-531). SAGE. https://doi. Org/10.4135/9781526430212
44. Guest, G, MacQueen, KM, Namey, EE. Validity and reliability (credibility and dependability) in qualitative research and data analysis. Applied Thematic Analysis. 2012:79-106. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/97814833
45. Fusch P, Fusch GE, Ness LR. Denzin’s Paradigm Shift: Revisiting triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Social Change. 2018;10(1). doi:10.5590/josc.2018.10.1.02
46. Quintão C, Andrade P, Almeida F. How to improve the validity and reliability of a case study approach? Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education. 2020;9(2):273-284. doi:10.32674/jise.v9i2.2026
47. Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, et al. Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and Operationalization. Quality & Quantity. 2017;52(4):1893-1907. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
48. Yule K, Houston J, Grych J. Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2019;22(3):406-431. doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1
49. Garber J, Braafladt N, Zeman J. The regulation of SAD affect: An information-processing perspective. The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. 1991:208-240. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663963.011
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